Contextual Review The World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1690 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Political Essay Did you like this example? In order to conduct a comprehensive study into the role and function of the Government Press Secretary it is paramount to explain the realm in which they work on a daily basis. I will give the reader a brief overview of the Irish political system. Ireland is a parliamentary democracy. Sovereignty resides with the people and it is exercised through those that we elect to our houses of parliament, the Oireachtas. The Irish Constitution, Bunreacht na hEacute;ireann drafted in 1937 provides for this parliamentary democracy. Our parliament consists of two houses; the Lower House and the Upper House. The Lower House is known as the Daacute;il and is directly elected. The Daacute;il consists of 166 members. The Upper House is known as the Seanad and is indirectly elected. It consists of 60 members. However despite its status as the Upper House the powers of the Seanad are quite limited. The power lies with the Daacute;il and as the people elect this parliament Ireland s status as a democracy is vested in this electoral process. With regards to the form of government that Ireland can be typified by one would accept that Irelands governmental system can be classified within the classical Westminster model of cabinet Government. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996 : 167) The Daacute;il chooses the majority party leader as Taoiseach and in turn he selects his cabinet of ministers. Article 28 of the Constitution allows for a minimum of seven ministers and a maximum of 15. All must be parliamentarians, specifically the Taoiseach, Taacute;naiste and Minister for Finance must be Daacute;il Deputies. The Constitution governs the formal framework of the Irish political spectrum however according to Peter Mair it is through the study of party politics that some of the most fundamental processes in modern political life are encountered. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996: 86) Irelands parliamentary democracy is strongly dictated by the relationships between politic al parties and elections. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996: 104) Parties are growing ever more personalised by those who occupy the positions of power within the part structure. According to Marsh and Laver this is a direct result of, The recent patterns of high profile and personalised campaign coverage by Dublin based broadcast media that increasingly dominate the channels of political communication. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996: 104) The Government Press Secretary is not only the spokesman for the Government. In addition one of the principal roles of the Government Press Secretary is in his position as the de facto spokesperson for the Taoiseach. In this position he has unparalleled access to the Taoiseach. The Taoiseach is considered to be one of the strongest of all heads of government. Anthony King places the Taoiseach alongside the British, German, Greek, Portuguese and Spanish Prime Ministers in the categories of heads of government who have the highest degree of influe nce within their own systems of government (King, 1994, p152) Within his own political system the Irish Prime Minister is potentially more powerful than any other European Prime Minister with the exception of his British counterpart. (OLeary, 1991, p159) The power of the Taoiseach is shaped by party political factors and these go a long way towards accounting for the strength of an individual Taoiseach. The constitution officially designates the Taoiseach as head of government (Article 13.1.1 and Article 28.5.1). In this capacity the Taoiseach meets and negotiates with heads of state and heads of government throughout the world, attends meetings of the European Council on behalf of the state, pays particular attention to the situation in Northern Ireland and is the governments main spokesperson at home. In all, the Taoiseach is the person upon whom the responsibility for leadership is most incumbent. The Constitution also provides the Taoiseach with a considerable pow er of appointment. Article 13.1.2 gives the Taoiseach right to appoint other members of the government subject to Daacute;il approval. Although the appointment of ministers of state is vested by law in the government, in practice the Taoiseach plays no less significant role here. Article 30.2 provides the Taoiseach with the right to appoint the Attorney General who has a seat at the cabinet table. All these powers do have a limit however and it should be noted that the Taoiseach is limited to 15 cabinet ministers, choice of minister is limited to members of the Oireachtas and only two may be members of the Seanad (Article 28.7.2). A Taoiseach may at any time for reasons which to him seem sufficient, request a member of the Government to resign (Article 28.9.4). The Taoiseach has the opportunity to determine the composition of the cabinet not just at the beginning but any stage throughout the duration of the administration. As well as having the power to select the government, the Taoiseach nominates 11 members of Seanad Eacute;ireann this is to ensure the government of the day has a majority in the upper house. Article 13.2.1 provides the Taoiseach with the power to dissolve the Daacute;il and call a general election. Use of this power depends primarily on the likelihood that the government will win the ensuing election, but it was successfully used by DeValera in the 1930s to maintain and reinforce his position in office. In addition to the power of appointment the Taoiseach has the capacity to shape the day to day process of policy making. The Taoiseach determines the order in which items on the cabinet agenda are taken, the time given to consideration of each item, who is to speak, and when a decision should be reached- or postponed†¦. In practice ministers do not challenge the Taoiseachs control of the agenda. (Farrell, 1993, p.176) In this context, Farrell quotes an anonymous cabinet minister as saying: Really you cant get an item disc ussed for five seconds at a cabinet meeting if the Taoiseach isnt with you. (Farrell, B., 1994, p.80) The Taoiseach is in a similar position with regard to the legislative aspect of the policy making process. Article 25 of the Daacute;ils Standing Orders allows the Taoiseach to determine the order in which government business will be taken each day. In this sense, the Taoiseach controls not just the cabinets business but the Daacute;ils agenda as well. Since the office of the chief whip is formally part of the Department of the Taoiseach the head of the government has a strong, direct relationship with the parliamentary party. The Daacute;il is one of the least influential legislatures in Western Europe (Norton, 1990) and the Taoiseach is the main beneficiary of this situation. The Taoiseachs position is further bolstered by the administrative support the office commands. The Dept of the Taoiseach comprises 300 people in a number of different sections or divisions. Their role is to coordinate government policy and contribute to its formulation. The Dept includes the Taoiseachs private office, the office of the chief whip, the government secretariat and the Government Information Service. Collectively, these institutions carry out many of the essential tasks of government on the Taoiseachs behalf. The Government Information Service is a close interlocutor of the Taoiseach. The GIS is headed by the Government Press Secretary and this person is a political appointee chosen for his or her loyalty and knowledge of the media. There is no doubt that the Government Press Secretary is privy to the most sensitive of all government discussions. There is also no doubt that the presence of an experienced and skilled individual at this post can be of enormous public and political benefit to the Taoiseach personally. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996: 237) The Taoiseach may also draw upon electoral and party political. Party politics is the main reason why the powe r of the Taoiseach varies. However, when the party situation allows, the Taoiseach can draw upon three electoral and party based resources. Firstly, the electoral process, General elections generally take the form of gladiatorial contests between two designated party leaders (Chubb, 1992, p 185). Secondly, the Taoiseach can benefit from the fact that the formation of the government is approved by a vote in the Daacute;il. As Coakley notes, this forces, parliament to define at the outset its attitude to any new prime minister and compels would be dissidents within his party to choose between open rebellion and conformity (Coakley, 1984, pp. 413-4). The Secretariat is a small number of senior civil servants, serving as cabinet secretaries. These personal advisors to An Taoiseach also operate within the system, and this group caters for the Taoiseach both as Head of Government and as a Minister. The Secretariat serves the Government in an almost corporate capacity. They are responsi ble for the recording decisions, circulating memoranda, preparing the agenda of cabinet meetings and in general, assisting the Taoiseach in his fulfilment of his duties. Apart from the Secretariat the GIS and Government Press Secretary operate in the Department of the Taoiseach. In discussing this arrangement Brian Farrell surmises that invariably the Government Press Secretary is a political appointee close to the Taoiseach. (Coakley and Gallagher; 1996: 172) In analysing the realm that the Government Press Secretary operates within, it is also important to assess the role and importance of special advisors, a category that the Government Press Secretary undoubtedly falls into. In his discussion on Policy Making, OHalpin highlights that while all governments have sought out the advice from the civil service they have also sought advice from outside the civil service. Oftentimes this advice can come from informal dialogue with friends or colleagues. The position of the Government Press Secretary is difficult to pigeon hole. I will go into this in greater detail later on however it is important to raise awareness of how the Government Press Secretary is perceived by others. Some see him as a civil servant others see him as being an outsider drafted into the civil service to impart specialist knowledge. Regardless of how he is perceived he invariably becomes part of an elite group that serves the needs of An Taoiseach and the Government and thus by proxy of the fact that our parliamentary democracy has granted these people power, the Government Press Secretary is intended to serve the Irish people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contextual Review The World" essay for you Create order

History Of Portugal Essay - 681 Words

Under King Emanuel, Portuguese power reached its height. From 1497 to 1499 Vasco da Gama made the first voyage to India following the route discovered by Dias, and inaugurated a lucrative trade in spices and other luxuries between Europe and South Asia. Led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese occupied Goa, India, in 1510, Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia) in 1511, the Moluccas (in present-day Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf in 1515. During the same period they opened up trade with China and established relations with Ethiopia. As other Portuguese kings had done, Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal and Spain under his rule and successively married two daughters of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. Under†¦show more content†¦After 1600, Portuguese domination of trade with the East Indies was lost to the Dutch and the English. Under Philip I, Portugal enjoyed considerable autonomy, but his successors, Philip II (Philip III of Spain) and Phili p III (Philip IV of Spain), treated it as a Spanish province, provoking widespread discontent. After unsuccessful revolts in 1634 and 1637, Portuguese conspirators with the support of France won independence for their kingdom in 1640. John, duke of Braganza, was elected John IV, first king of the house of Braganza, which ruled Portugal as long as the monarchy endured. John IV and His Successors (1640-1816) King John expelled the Dutch from Brazil, which they had occupied in 1630, and renewed the traditional tie with England. Although further weakened by conflicts with Spain in the second half of the 17th century, Portugal recovered a measure of prosperity in the 18th century, after gold and diamonds were discovered in Brazil. Between 1683 and 1750, during the reigns of Pedro II and John V, British merchants came to dominate Portuguese trade; the monarchy became more despotic and the Cortes fell into disuse. During the reign (1750-77) of Joseph Emanuel, the kingdom was controlled by the chief-minister, Sebastià £o Josà © de Carvalho e Mello, marquà ªs de Pombal, considered one of the greatest statesmen in modern Portuguese history. Although a ruthlessShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Portugal1582 Words   |  7 PagesAs one of the countries we examined to place a Dunkin’ Donuts, was Portugal. Portugal was founded as a republic in 1910 after a revolution had taken place. Since then Portugal has become a part of the National American Treaty Organization, the United Nations, and the European Union. They are still a 3 branch Republic with both a President and Prime Minister, where they have a Parliamentary Particracy government system. 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Otherness Free Essays

Cheyanne Easter Processor: Temple English 066 1 October 2012 Otherness Everywhere you go you catch yourself either stereotyping or being stereotyped just by the simple she lives in a big house she must be rich or he’s Asian he must be good at math. Stereotyping is usually a negative habit on all human beings but it somehow weasels its way into social acceptance. Now, more than ever and somehow we end up accepting it with no concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Otherness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allport (1954) theory was that thinking ill of others without warrant that people make their mind u’ without any personal experience. This pre judgment is worldwide it happens everywhere including every race white, black, Hispanic to what gender female or male. We are all human we all do it. One group we tend to target the most, our middle aged black men, we pracive them to be a gang member or drug dealers by their own appearance. But would it be wrong to say that hip hop may have an effect on the way people look at African American men in our society. While watching an episode of the Tyra Banks show rerun an episode about stereotypes happened to be on where Tyra did an experiment where she put a group of people from all backgrounds showed them a picture of different cultured individuals and asked what and how you felt about them just by their appearance. The first picture appeared of a middle aged tall black man wearing baggy jeans, boots and an oversized jacket. People assumed right off that bat that he must not be educated, he must be on welfare trying to support his kids and baby momma was some white female’s exact words. These comments were even coming from the same race â€Å"that he must be strapped with guns and running the street as a gang banger† one African American women stated. It was sickening for people to make all these assumptions just based on their theory of stereotypes by a certain individual. He was later brought out face to face with these people to find out that he’s a very successful antrapranoer and has already earned 4 degrees. He says it the same reaction he gets from individual all the time, â€Å"it’s hard on me and that everything I’m hearing today I have to carry the weight of every African American male out there†. He explains that those type of stereotypes are the ones he has to live up to on a daily bases. You could relate this man’s experience with a young African American boy that was murdered because this man thought he was being â€Å"suspicious†. Trayvon Martin a 17 year old teenage that was shot for the simple fact that he was a black male wearing a hoodie walking through a gated neighborhood. Federals say this could indeed be a hate crime. What went through George Zimmerman’s head to shoot this innocent boy was it the first time Zimmerman’s done such type of prejudgment on black males, no. At the very least, a situation of 46 emergency calls made by Zimmerman over the past six years documents his attentiveness about keeping his neighborhood safe and orderly. The calls include complaints about unruly people at the pool, potholes, dumped trash, and kids playing in the street. In recent months as the neighborhood saw an uptick in crime, including burglaries and a shooting, Zimmerman’s calls had focused on specific suspects, the majority of them young black males. Zimmerman assumptions about these people made them his target. Some people say that this doesn’t exist in current day society but this right here is a prime example. To willingly kill a young black kid due to the fact that he walked into this residence or for the simple fact that he was cutting in-between houses, walking very leisurely for the rainy weather and looking at all the house gave Zimmerman the right to shot this innocent kid that caused death by his own prejudgment it devastates me to the bare bone. This problem will never stop. People tend to fill their head with what they want to believe. Is it wrong to say that maybe† hip hop† had a little influence on the killing of Trayvon Martin, editor in chief of GlobalGrind. com, a site about the â€Å"hip-hop† side of pop culture said â€Å"Even if I have a black hoodie, a pair of jeans and white sneakers on, in fact that is what I wore yesterday, I still never will look suspicious. No matter how much the hoodie covers my face or how baggie my jeans are, I will never look out of place to you,† he wrote. â€Å"I will never look suspicious to you, because of one thing and one thing only,  the color of my skin. † Thus, clothing lines and particular clothing items popular within the hip hop culture are Stereotyped and ignoring simplistic understandings of hip hop culture lead people to assume the role of a ordinary African American that lives day to day in our society , as drug dealers, gang bangers or want to be rappers. Do hip hop rappers influence people to assume that black men aren’t safe to be around if they portray the image of rapper, is it all about getting money, smoking and having a gun. It’s sad to say these stereotypes can just come from material clothing you not only see it in hip hop fashion but in the holocaust people could see right through you that you were a Jew, during this semester we’ve been reading a book called Maus were it takes you into the life of one Jewish man valdeck spingleman that survived the worst externmation of 11 million people. How to cite Otherness, Essay examples

Marketing and Competitive Environment Potential Customers

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Competitive Environmentfor Potential Customers. Answer: Abstract This paper is about marketing in a competitive environment. The context covers the way to do marketing in a competitive environment to counter for external forces affecting businesses. The paper presents marketing in a competitive environment in case study case. The case study is carried out on a university in Australia, CQUniversity. The case is that, the CQUniversity is an institution located in Australia and faces stiff competition from other well established institutions in the region, international and local based institutions. A good marketing strategy has enabled the CQUniversity to compete favorably with the other preexisting universities. Executive Summary In summary, this paper is about how to market a firm to withstand the forces of market completion. The latter is a case study of the marketing case of CQUniversity. In a detailed manner, the mechanism enabling the CQUniversity to survive in its venture is captured. Different methods of adapting to a competitive environment such as the PEST approach are captured. Moreover, self-evaluative measures in an organization such as the SWOT analysis are also in context. The position branding of the CQUniversity is a part of this works. Segmentation and target market for the CQUniversity are also discussed. Moreover, market mix for this institution are discussed in depth. Marketing and Competitive Environment Marketing is the act of publicizing a good or a service to potential customers. Marketing involves commutating convincingly the value of a product to the buyers as captured by Hollensen, S. (2015). A producer has to market the product or service offered to the potential buyers and win their trust on the quality of the latter. On the other hand, a competitive environment refers to the dynamism of the external forces that drive the performance of the business in its venture (Farahani et al., 2014). The forces include competition for customers with the similar business operatives among others. A business firm must acknowledge the competitiveness of its operational environment and device mechanism to counter the same. CQUniversityMarketing Background The CQUniversity is one of the most fast growing institutions of higher learning in Australia. The university has depicted a commendable growth trajectory as from the year 2009. The growth is characterized by a launch of new constituent campuses, new courses, excellent performance and a good public reputation. The infrastructure has grown and a rapid increase in the number of students witnessed for the past few years. The CQUniversity was crowned the full status in 1992, and therefore its not as old in this status as many other universities in Australia. The university pioneers a unique program like the distance learning in Australia (McMillan, Kinnear Babovic 2015). Other courses by this great university include; engineering, visual arts, trades and training among many other courses. The launch of CQUniversity into a university status put this institution into a pool of competition with the other existing universities in Australia and the world. The competitive environment for the CQUniversity includes the University of Newcastle, Queensland University of Technology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and the University of Wollongong among other institutions. The CQUniversity is therefore faced with stiff completion from the preexisting universities prior its launch. However, the CQUniversity has strived and overcame the external forces to a great institution in Australia. The success of the CQUniversity is attributed to its effective marketing strategy. The university has its marketing department or directorate bestowed with the mandate of publicizing the institution to the potential customers. The effectiveness of marketing for this university is that the management of the University encourages every department to share the goals of the university with everyone in a bid to effectively reach as many people as possible and make the CQUniversity well known. The marketing directorate for the CQUniversity is responsible for the branding of the latter, recruitment of new students, advertising as well as the devising the marketing policies. Demand Assessment for the CQUniversity. The demand for the CQUniversity can be termed as high, citing the rapid growth of this university within a relatively short period. The university capacity has grown to more than 30,000 students reaching the capacity for some of the oldest universities in Australia. Moreover, the demand for the quality of education offered by the CQUniversity has led to the creation of new courses, and the introduction of a virtual learning environment which caters for the distance learning enrolled program students (Seary, K., Willans, J., Cook, C. 2016). Segmentation TargetMarket for CQUniversity The segmentation of the CQUniversity is that the university has several constituent campuses specialized in offering specified courses and hence improving quality of education (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). Segmentation has seen improvement in the administration of this university and therefore quality policy making for a smooth running of the institution. The target market for the CQUniversity is the education enthusiasts in all levels of learning including undergraduates, masters as well as Ph.D. students. The university launched the distance learning program to complement the old style of learning and therefore to target the technology lovers who wish to learn online without stepping to the university premises physically. MarketingMix Analysis for the CQUniversity. Market mix refers to the variety of products or services that make a customer purchase from a given producer or business (Dolnicar Leisch, 2017). Several factors have led to the increased customer base for the CQUniversity. The main factors behind the success of this institution include; pioneering the distance learning in Australia and hence attracting many scholars. The commitment to excellence by ensuring quality education and diversification of the universitys programs has also led to increased number of scholars. The Australian population is in a quest for quality education and hence the CQUniversity has launched several universities across the country to reach many people. The CQUniversity gives academic promotions to scholars and the staff to motivate the stakeholders of the university to perform to their best. The promotions drive the working habit for the staff as well as the students and therefore quality education. Moreover, the student fees for the CQUniversity is relatively low compared to other universities like the Queensland University of Technology, and therefore the CQUniversity has a competitive strategy against its competitors (Albayrak, 2015). PEST Analysis for the CQUniversity. The PEST analysis refers to the analysis of the Political, Economic, social as well as the Technological orientation of a given business firm, (Ho, J. K. K. 2014). The PEST analysis mainly focusses on the external factors affecting the performance of business. Since the launch of the CQUniversity, it has abided to the requirements for quality educations as stated by the Australian government. Moreover, the CQUniversity is fully branded, lawfully and hence it can operate anywhere in Australia. The compliance with the governmental regulations was the first step in the success journey by the CQUniversity. The economic orientation of the CQUniversity is that the university has a comparatively huge capital base to fund its operations. The latter is drawn from the student fee, research program donation as well as government funding. The university has therefore been able to fund its expansion programs and start new programs. The CQUniversity success history is associated with the institutions understanding of the social requirement for affordable and quality education in Australia. The CQUniversity put into consideration the trend in the social life of digitization and launched the distance learning program for the digital age. Moreover, the CQUniversity has considered the trends in technology in its launch of the virtual learning environment. Use of internet in learning has been key, and therefore the CQUniversity has embraced the technological trend and hence attracting many students. Competitor Analysis for CQUniversity. The CQUniversity has quite a number of competitors. Competitor analysis is very important to ensure continued strategy to beat the competitors (Shabanova, et al. 2015). The main competitor institution to the CQUniversity is the Queensland University of Technology. The competition is evident in the courses offered, the number of students and of course the quality of education. The Queensland University of Technology has a relatively larger number of students than the CQUniversity. Moreover, the Queensland University has number of courses than the CQUniversity. Contrarily, the CQUniversity offsets the Queensland University on the quality of education according to the QS university ranking. Moreover, the CQUniversity has unique courses offered like the distant learning compared to the Queensland University of Technology. CQUniversity SWOT Analysis. The SWOT analysis is a detailed review of the Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities and the Threats of an organization. The CQUniversity strengths are that the institutions have unique courses like the distant learning that attract a good percentage of students into the institution. Moreover, the institution has relatively low fees charge per unit compared to the competitors like the Queensland University of Technology. Besides, the CQUniversity has embraced segmentation and hence diversified its operation and customer base (Shabanova, et al., 2015). The weaknesses for the CQUniversity are that the University has comparatively less advanced infrastructure compared to the other advanced institutions like the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. This means that the university cannot offer some technical courses in a more professional way like the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and therefore its outcompeted for some courses. However, the CQUniversity has opportunities for growth which includes the enthusiastic generation of learners are ready to embrace technology backed learning programs, and therefore the CQUniversity should advance its distance learning more to offer quality virtual learning environment. Contrarily, the CQUniversity faces stiff competition from the foreign-based institution the region, and therefore its growth is somehow limited. The stiff competition is a threat to the growth of the institution. Value Brand Positioning Analyses for the CQUniversity The CQUniversity is highly valued in Australia. The university has a long history of its successful alumni. Delgado-Ballester and Fernandez (2015) has it that brand positioning is the position a given company or business firm has in the minds of customers. The CQUniversity has a good brand position in Australia as and yonder. The University is positioned as a good option to study at for among the students in Australia. The university has a sustainable position in the minds of its customers due to its marketing strategy (Fung et al., 2013). Conclusively, the CQUniversity has a good marketing team and an effective strategy. The marketing team has driven the CQUniversity to great heights in spite of its few years in a university status. Its important for an organization to align itself with its PEST orientation to enhance and smoothen its interactivity with the environment. Moreover, the SWOT analysis is crucial determining a firms position in business. References Seary, K., Willans, J., Cook, C. (2016). Design for success: Did we get it right? Measuring the success of STEPS as a remodelled CQUniversity enabling offering.International Studies in Widening Participation,3(1), 4-18. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Farahani, R. Z., Rezapour, S., Drezner, T., Fallah, S. (2014). Competitive supply chain network design: An overview of classifications, models, solution techniques and applications.Omega,45, 92-118. McMillan, G., Kinnear, S., Babovic, N. (2015). Comprehensive universities and the role of the national TAFE system: the CQUniversity context.About the research, 16. Delgado-Ballester, E., Fernandez Sabiote, E. (2015). Brand experimental value versus brand functional value: which matters more for the brand?.European Journal of Marketing,49(11/12), 1857-1879. Lee, M. (2008). Social Inclusion, the Market and CQUniversity.Frontline,16, 13. Fung, M. K., Chaiechi, T., IDaneshgar, F., Fujii, T., Komaran, R., Laurence, G., ... Fisher, C. (2013). Business Economic g, volumezent. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Dolnicar, S., Leisch, F. (2017). Using segment level stability to select target segments in data-driven market segmentation studies.Marketing Letters, 1-14. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Albayrak, T. (2015). Importance Performance Competitor Analysis (IPCA): A study of hospitality companies.International Journal of Hospitality Management,48, 135-142. Shabanova, L. B., Ismagilova, G. N., Salimov, L. N., Akhmadeev, M. G. (2015). PEST-Analysis and SWOT-Analysis as the most important tools to strengthen the competitive advantages of commercial enterprises.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(3), 705