Access to Quality Health Care Essay -- Health Care

Despite the countless advanced in technology and the abundance of health care organization popping up all over the place, whether they are free standing clinics, hospitals, urgent cares or etc, many people still lack the ability to receive lineament health care. This has become a concern throughout the world, but especially a more vocal concern for residents of the United States in the past a couple of(prenominal) years. In this paper we will discuss the reasons preventing access to quality health care and how we can overcome the many obstacles that stand in our way to render quality health care to many who lack it today.Some studies have shown in recent years that the high cost of health care is repayable to the high cost of defensive medicate . Defensive medicine is a term best described as a way to treat a patient without the burden or worry of possible litigation should something go wrong during treatment. According to a recent survey by Jackson healthcare and Gallup, de fensive medicine costs in 2009 were between $650 - $850 billion annually. Which is also roughly 26% 34% of the average health care cost in the United States? Also according to this survey, many physicians actually practiced more rule out type medicine as opposed to diagnostic treatments, delinquent to the fear of litigation. 76% of physicians survey stated that defensive medicine decreases a patients access to health care.Tort amend has been seen as a way to alleviate some of the high health care cost and a way to stop the act of defensive medicine. According to the American College of Surgeons, Medical malpractice premiums have reached a crisis point in many areas of the United States, thus driving many surgeons away from high venture specialties. In one medical practice w... ...onEconomists Against the FDA Publications The Independent Institute. The Independent Institute. 1 Sept. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. .Senger, Alyene. Point-By-Point The Case Against Obamacare. The Foundry Conservative Policy News Blog from The Heritage Foundation. 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. .Cowen, Tyler. Following the Money, Doctors Ration Care. The NewYork Times. 11 Dec. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2012. .Maryland Health Care Commission. Legislative Reports. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. .Van Heerden, Larry. Abolishing the FDA. Home. 1 Mar. 2007. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. .

Essay :: essays research papers

LeBron pack was born on December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio. His mother was Gloria James who was exclusively 16 at the time. His father was Anthony McClelland. Gloria raised LeBron on her own. Life was often a struggle for LeBron and his mother. LeBron James, who has been called "the best high school player ever," is a fictive dunker with the explosiveness of Jordan and the passing index of Magic Johnson. Not since Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was a high schooler in the 60s has a high school sensation gotten so untold exposure and generated so much excitement. He is known as a call showstopper" who has, during his tenure at St. Vincent-St. Mary High School in Akron, Ohio, exhibited the kind of fan-pleasing ability that will likely make him the NBAs No. 1 draft pick on June 26.James, who has a 32-point scoring average and 3.75 grade-point average, is a cordial, almosttimes engaging youngster who is characterized by his unselfishness on the court thats mixed with a bit of flam boyance. And its those credentials that elevated him to the level where he was the focus of what was called the "Fantastic Scholastic LeBron James Tour," an 8,500-mile, cross-country road schedule that included stops in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Dayton and Greensboro, N.C.But with so much attention devoted to James, it has created the sometimes circus-like environment that surrounds him. Even so, he has been able to handle it with the maturity of one who is much older than his 18 years. "Sometimes its tough because you dont get to be a kid anymore. But Ive chosen this lifestyle and you have to take it for what it is," he says. "I love every moment of it. Id rather people know me as a great hoops player than see me on the news and people saying something bad that I did."The McDonalds High School Player of the Year is a unique package of athletic ability and charisma that has enthralled spectators in ways not seen before at this level. This sprin g, for example, sellout crowds of 20,000 or more attended several All-Star games in which he played, and some paid upward of $85 to see him. There are nearly 1,100 LeBron James items listed on eBay. And when was the last time that a high schooler has generated so much excitement that his regular-season games were nationally televised?

J.P. Morgan and Ragtime Essay -- essays research papers

John Pierpont MorganThe turn of the century in American, when E.L. Doctorows novel Ragtime is set, was a time marked by rapid technological developments and industrialization. These years also brought a heavy flood of immigrants as well as an increasingly urban American landscape. Technological advancements enabled increased efficiency and mass production. However, Doctorow clearly brings into question the consequences of this new technology for the average American worker. J.P. Morgans discussion with Henry Ford virtually the assembly lines innovations brings this debate to the front. Doctorow writes, "From these principles Ford established the final proposition of the theory of industrial manufacture - not only that the parts of the undefiled product be interchangeable, but that the men who build the products be themselves interchangeable parts" (113). Here Doctorow clearly addresses the potential for technology to undermine the value of the somebody and his abilities.Ba nker and industrialist John Pierpont Morgan was one of the worlds foremost financial figures in the decades before World War I. He organized railroads and formed the United States Steel Corporation. His wealth and financial management skills were so considerable that he was able to steer the United States Treasury from the brink of disaster.Morgan was born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1837, and educated at the University of Gottingen in Germany. In 1871, with members of the Drexel family of Philadelphia, he organized the New York banking firm of Drexel, Morgan & Company. It began lending vast sums to railroad builders and industrial corporations in the 1880s and was later reorganized as J.P. Morgan and Company.As noted by Erin Arvedlund, he was a natural born financier and loved spreading his bank account among dozens of different foreign currencies. John Pierpont Morgan and his father established a firm that was later to be known as J.P. Morgan & Co. Throughout Ragtime, E.L . Doctorow constantly refers to the economic status of the families and immigrants. J.P. Morgans companies and firms were large employers of these immigrants. His achievements in finance and business greatly affected the families in this novel. Money was something that could break a family apart if it was nonexistent. In 1857, John Pierpont Morgans father, Junius Morgan, pertinacious to broaden... ...d reputation that man possessed (Lindstrom). John Pierpont Morgan is considered one of the founding fathers of the modern United States economy.Despite conflicting opinion on his persona, his influence and character determine the business world more so than any other person at the turn of the century. Morgan was a banker, railroad czar, industrialist, financier, philanthropist, yachtsman, and ladies man (Jones). He was an industrial genius that is accredited with the founding of many companies including General Electric and AT&T. However, Morgan is looked upon as a saint and demo n the same (Arvedlund). He received a honorary degree from Harvard university that read Public citizen, patron of literature and art, prince among merchants, who by his skill, wisdom and courage, has twice in times of stress repelled a national riskiness of financial panic.Arvedlund, Erin. Unmasking J.P. Morgan. 2000. 9 Apr. 2003Doctorow, E.L. Ragtime. New York Plume, 2003.John Pierpont Morgan. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2001 Standard. 2003.Jones, Lisa L. A Collectors Portait John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913). 2003. 9 Apr. 2003 Lindstrom, Diane. John Pierpont Morgan. 2003. 9 Apr. 2003.

Internal And External Beauty Essay -- essays research papers

Internal and external beauty atomic number 18 both very important in our society. To be beautiful internally style to have a kind heart and be understanding. To be beautiful externally means to be beautiful on the outside such as having a nice figure and an attractive smile. Internal beauty is important because beyond looks, it is your psycheality that is peakd. External beauty is important because it is your attractive figure that brings notice to someones great personality or external beauty. To me, internal and external beauty are represented and influenced by family members, friends, and society as a whole.Family members are important how we perceive internal and external beauty. Depending on which family member, there is an absolute distinction made between external beauty and internal beauty. Parents are near likely to look at the internal beauty rather than the external, while siblings look at the external part more closely. This, however, is not incessantly true. My pa rents seem to favor their ancestry, as compared to others. Since I am of Polish descent, my parents believe that external beauty is irrelevant as that person is Polish. This changes when the person is not Polish. If the person is not Polish, then his or her external beauty for some strange reason becomes very important. My brother on the other hand seems to be the most reasonable. Sure, he looks if the girl that I am dating is pretty, meaning if she has ext...

Ancient Babylonia :: World History

Ancient BabyloniaWhen studying Ancient Babylonia it is notably important to look at these factors daily life, religion, people, rescript, political sympathies and economy so we can determine the development of the civilization and how it is similar to the way we live today. The Babylonian Empire is unique because their government was run by a law known as the Code of Hammurabi similarly are government is run by numerous laws. Their knowledge of science and astrology is intriguing due to the fact that they were the first civilization to form the basis of the sixteen month of thirty days calendar, their discovery of the calendar lend us to the calendars we seduce today. In addition to government, science and astrology their economy was very modern and played an immense part in their daily life. The way the Babylonians lived life is uniform to the way we live our life today. In todays society we are governed and protected by laws, swell up we can say the same about Ancient Babyloni a their society was governed and protected by the Code of Hammurabi(1750). The Code of Hammurabi main purposes were to make conscionableice visible in the land, to destroy the wicked person and the evil doer, so that the unshakable might not injure the weak. Our legal system is somewhat like this in terms of we sentence and enforce punishments on the criminals to protect new(prenominal) innocent citizens. Just like are prime minister, the Babylonian king Hammurabi wished to secure a uniform pattern of justice throughout his land, to certify that everyone was well aware of punishments and rules before breaking or committing them. The most well known term to describe this law is an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. This abduce indicated that the punishment matched the crime. The Babylonian civilization was considerably keen on science, mathematics and astrology. They were apprehensive in the cause of medicine an example of this is their belief that viciousness was the ca use of a patients illness. Here is an old Babylonian proverb that says an infection without a doctor is like hunger without food. What this is saying is they depended on doctors to suit their needs just as we depend on food to suit hunger. This describes perfectly what the Ancient Babylonian civilization was like, they depended on doctors and herbal medicine just as we do today.

Ancient Babylonia :: World History

ancient BabyloniaWhen studying Ancient Babylonia it is notably important to look at these factors passing(a) life story, religion, people, society, government and economy so we can determine the development of the civilization and how it is similar to the way we live today. The Babylonian Empire is unique because their government was fall out by a law known as the Code of Hammurabi similarly are government is run by numerous laws. Their knowledge of science and star divination is intriguing due to the fact that they were the first civilization to form the basis of the sixteen month of thirty days calendar, their discovery of the calendar lend us to the calendars we have today. In addition to government, science and astrology their economy was very modern and played an immense part in their daily life. The way the Babylonians lived life is identical to the way we live our life today. In todays society we are governed and defended by laws, well we can say the same about Ancient Bab ylonia their society was governed and protected by the Code of Hammurabi(1750). The Code of Hammurabi main purposes were to make justice visible in the land, to destroy the wicked person and the evil doer, so that the strong might not injure the weak. Our legal system is somewhat like this in terms of we sentence and enforce punishments on the criminals to protect other innocent citizens. Just like are prime minister, the Babylonian king Hammurabi wished to secure a uniform pattern of justice throughout his land, to plump for that everyone was well aware of punishments and rules before breaking or committing them. The most well known term to describe this law is an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. This quote indicated that the punishment suited the crime. The Babylonian civilization was considerably keen on science, mathematics and astrology. They were apprehensive in the cause of medical specialty an example of this is their popular opinion that sin was the cause of a p atients illness. Here is an old Babylonian proverb that says an infection without a doctor is like hunger without food. What this is saying is they depended on doctors to suit their needs just as we depend on food to suit hunger. This describes perfectly what the Ancient Babylonian civilization was like, they depended on doctors and herbal medicine just as we do today.

Rousseau’s Theory about Education

The neglected program line of my fellow-creatures is the grand source of the misery I deplore.-Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Rousseau and Wollstonecraft believed that children should be allowed to grow freely and guide to use their education practically. Children would then grow up to be free thinking adults that would keep soceity from becoming materialistic and oppressing. Nonetheless, they vehemently disagreed on who should receive such an education. Rousseau thought that only males, because they be stronger should receive such and education. Wollstonecraft believed everyone, no matter what sex, should be able to be educated to reform and better society as a whole. Though both their works were considered extreme, they are both apparent in the public education system of to twenty-four hour period.Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) and Rousseau (1712-1778) both agreed that society laden human kind, but Wollstonecraft felt that men were oppressing women. Th ey both believed that education should mean letting children grow freely and placing little restrictions. They should protect them from immediate dangers and provide food and shelter. They should not, however, force books and controlled learning upon the children. He thought that children should also develop common sense and each child would choose whatever interests him to study in great detail. He thought that this method of education would produce a well balanced, free thinking child. Therefore this would lead to a natural society kind of than a materialistic one.Rousseaus theory of natural education was not intended for all children. He felt that girls should be limited motherhood, and how to be a wife. To Rousseau, women exist in order to serve man, because they are weaker. Wollstonecraft stated that women should be taught medicine in order to take care of parents, infants, and husbands properly. She endorsed equal education for all children no matter what the sex. They shou ld not only be taught the same things, but should be taught together, to learn social interaction they would encounter as adults. Girls and boys would attend day school together and then boys would be sent to their apprenticeships and girls would learn how to sew and other skills. Wollstonecraft tried to prove that by denying a womans education you are denying her the ability to raise children adequately. Therefore it would benefit both sexes if women were properly educated.Rousseau was applauded for advocating human rights and natural education but when it concerned women he broke no new ground. He actually promoted womens role as a wife and mother present to serve her husband. He stated that because women were weaker physically that their minds were as well. Wollstonecraft upheld his philosophy of natural education to encourage individual freedom to benefit society. However, she detested his treatment of women.She advised that women and men should both be educated, and educated to gether. two of Emile and The Vindication of the Rights of Women were considered radical, they were both revolutionaries. Emile impacted practical applications, and the exploration of natural curiosity in education. Wollstonecrafts radical idea of educating boys and girls equally, and together are applied on public education today.

Curious Images Essay

Images be significant parts of our lives as they confine and define all that is familiar to us. Human estimation has a tendency to classify feelings with theatrical roles. Each feeling has a face our fears, contemplations, pleasure, hope, failure etc. , all have a face. So vivid are these faces that as soon as an emotion or thought sprouts in the estimation, an image flashes to gratify our senses so strong is the grip of these images that we keep relating and projecting our thoughts, feelings and memories with them.We see an example of this in R. L. St plainsons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde, where the personality of Mr. Hyde becomes active as soon as his Dr. Jekylls thoughts change. For this reason, something that is unknown always causes a feeling of discomfort as it has no visual representation. Our entire lives revolve around familiar and unfamiliar images. The conscious part of our mind always relies on these images to identify our world. Thus, images influence us strongly, some quantify manipulating us, while at other times, playing tricks upon us, alike ceiling strike out and motion pictures, as demonstrated by Oliver Sack in In the Rivers of thought.Our perceptions sometimes makes us prisoner of our thoughts, binding us into bouts of endless torment. Society often slots our actions into bold categories of good and bad, which forces the great unwashed to lead dual lives, becoming unwittingly, dupe of these images. Dr. Jekyll from the The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is one such person who is suffering from this inner conflict of maintaining a good image in the society (R. L. Stevenson). Due to this fixation he undertakes the task of transforming his personality chemically. A change had come over me.It was no longer the fear of gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me. (430). In an attempt to lead rid of the evil side of his personality, Dr. Jekyll drinks a potion he creates, which brings out the personal ity of Mr. Hyde. However to his horror, he discovers that Mr. Hyde becomes more and more monstrous as days go by. This really bothers him because ironically Mr. Hyde had turned out to be totally opposite to what he had imagined. It becomes genuinely difficult for him to keep this side of his personality hidden either longer and this fear of being discovered ultimately with a negative image causes him to kill himself.Tormented by his thoughts of wanting a good image for himself, Dr. Jekyll carried out a dangerous experiment which turned out to be a disaster. Here we see how images created in the mind can manipulate a person to create a harmony between the bigger image created by the society, making him a prisoner of his thoughts. In case of Dr. Jekyll, we also detect that thoughts, for example, of good and evil which translates into an image of moral stance, become more powerful when suppressed. By then, Freud emphasized, the wish maybe disguised to the point of being unrecognizab le.Things might even appear their opposites pleasure as pain, desire as fear. (Gelman, Dreams on the Couch). Here we take a look at Freuds explanation of seemingly preternatural hallucinations. He goes on to explain that something which is like a social taboo, gets suppressed in the mind to an extent where it seems to be exact opposite. Such an image, due to acquiring suppressed becomes more powerful. Thus there are two forces operating the wish, and a defense against it, a censor. (133). The wish or desire being a social taboo, causes the dreamer to dream exact opposite of what he desires.But this is not always the case, as argued by many other analysts. There is no need to assume dreams have a latent content, says Harry Fiss (134). The images or memories which have been very significant to the dreamer must be interpreted into consideration as they remain in subconscious and influence our thought process. Thus, we see how the image created by the society influences the images cr eated in the minds of people. Human mind workings in a complex way to decipher the images which it keeps viewing, creating and transforming.sometimes the captured image puts the mind into a trancelike state and at other times tricking the mind to cause an illusion. Freed from inhibitions of verbal communication, it seems, we respond to visual imagery that may have been our earliest mode of thinking- one reason, perhaps, why the language of poetry can actuate us as it does. That may explain, too, why some dreams can haunt us with a power more persuasive even than that of poetry, shimmering in the mind like lost cities or leaving us, for hours afterward, with an unaccountable feeling of terror. (Gelman, Dreams on the Couch). A moment which might have been very significant in a persons life lays hidden in the subconscious layers of the mind. Constant storage of images in our minds, sometimes cause them to jumble up. Thats why our dreams are made of up of images that sometimes make se nse and very often do not, explaining why we sometimes have pleasant dreams and at other times suffer from nightmares. When the analyst asked the patient if he associated anything with the Malarial Area, he decided, after some thought, that the phrase could be an anagram. (137). Here we see how the patients long forgotten childhood memories distorted his dreams. In this patient, whom they call Mrs. M. , there were freeze frames lasting several seconds, during which Mrs. M. would see a prolonged, motionless image and be visually unaware of any movement around her, though her flow of thought and perception was otherwise normal. (Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness). Here we see Mrs. M. getting caught in a frozen moment. The similarity between these situations is how images manipulate these two patients to be caught in the moment.The interesting difference here is how perception creates an image, which one remembers in his dream with his eyes closed, and the other doesnt with her ey es open. Images sometimes play a trick of optical illusion, causing the brain to believe and perceive motions differently. When we see a series of still images in quick succession, there is an illusion which leads us to believe that we are in fact looking at one persisting motion picture. This optical illusion tricks the mind into believing that which is not the case.Another striking example of perceptual standstill could be demonstrated with a parkland visual illusion, that of the Necker cube. Normally, when we look at this ambiguous perspective drawing of a cube, it switches perspective every few seconds, first seeming to project, then to recede, and no attack of will suffices to prevent this switching back and forth. (Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness). This perspective switching portrays an image which keeps changing and is not still. This is in huge contrast with the case of Mrs. M., who experiences a standstill trance like state, where she perceives the image in front o f her to be motionless. Her perspective doesnt change for elongated periods of time, until perhaps someone interrupts her. Similarly, ceiling fan sometimes seems to be going in the forward direction, while at other times in the opposite direction. Further, as Sacks goes on to explain how people who suffer from migraine perceive what they see. The migraine patients in their delirium see flickering images, which accelerate to restore normal motion.In all these case, we see how woful images are perceived by the brain, sometimes rushing and causing fluid like motion. At other times, freezing and causing a trance like state. This concept has today advanced into the making of motion pictures, advanced imaging devices etc. From prehistoric times, man has given immense importance to images. This is confirmed by the ancient cave paintings. We see that drawing or creating images fulfills a deeper aspect of human personality, as it offers a very strong medium of self expression. sometimes ima ges form a pattern in the mind, locking us in that moment, as we see in the case of Mrs.M. In the River of Consciousness by Oliver Sacks. Sometimes they offer a familiar territory to which we are used to, while at other times, they act as agents in visual communication. Images take on a variety of forms and functions. They create patterns in our minds which make us happy, sad and fearful, as we keep relying upon them subconsciously. Often, we dont realize how much our lives are influenced by them. The way we dress, work, live, are all influenced by the perceived images which we have created in our minds ever since we were born.This is a never ending process which continues as long as we live. Images rule our conscious and sub conscious, also influencing our dreams, as we observe in Dreams on the Couch by David Gelman. Living in a society, where images and appearances are very important, we often perform actions which do not always leave us happy. R. L. Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a classic example of this. In such situations, our suppressed desires sometimes try to overcome our sensibility, till there comes a point where we are forced to look at the bigger picture.Are we rattling what we portray ourselves to be or we pretend to be someone who we want to be? Whatever be the case, one cannot deny the impact that images have on our lives, positive or negative. Man, being a social animal adapts himself to put on various images sometimes for himself, sometimes for the society he lives in sometimes knowingly, sometimes unknowingly. Works Cited Stevenson, R. L. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 1886. (Gelman, Dreams on the Couch) (Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness)

Master of Business Administration program at Georgia State University

I stimulate chosen the flexible Master of Business Administration course of instruction at atomic number 31 State University because it offers the best academic and skills training that would help me belong better at what I do. At present I am interested in learning communication and analytical skills, how to be decisive and the importance of teamwork. I commit that these skills are necessary for the success of my career as a fiscal accountant and I know that I would be able to learn this through the challenging curriculum of Robinson College.Work experience is necessary for real life application, entirely education broadens ones thinking and perspectives. My main reason for pursuing an MBA is because I want to further myself in the accounting field. Through the training of the MBA broadcast I will be equipped with the skills that would allow me to help telephone circuites expand in their operations while focusing on management and employee connections.Personally I believe that I have the leadership skills and the creative perspective for growth to be successful in my chosen career but I am likewise aware that I lack the educational background. By enrolling in the MBA program of Georgia State University and practicing my profession, I know that I would be able to become a financial advisor wherein I could help clients increase their revenues by using internal assessments and other strategies. I hope to become a financial accountant in the future and work on financial analysis and prepare fiscal reports.Through several work experiences I realized that I could do anything I set my mind to accomplish that through hard work and determination I could rise from a party coordinator to manager. I also knowing that a successful business enterprise is possible if there is honesty and complete customer satisfaction. I have had the opportunity to work as a Payroll and Tax Specialist, and here I have learned that customer satisfaction and the highest quality servic e is the best way to develop customer loyalty.All of these experiences have no doubt enriched my professional career but I also know that I need to learn more about this field of metier and I am most happy when I am learning something new. I know that I belong to Georgia States MBA program it has the right balance of academic and practical training that appeals to me. My contributions to the university will be my collective perspective, my determination to succeed and moral character. My degree in Bachelors in Family and Consumer Sciences has imbued me with the knowledge and sensitivity to understand people.By becoming a member of the MBA program I will bring with me this humanitarian perspective and help influence other business professionals to do the same. I am determined to finish this degree and I am prepared to give my best in accomplishing the requirements of the course and to actively enrol in each class. The strong business ethics and professional accountability of Robin son College is the best place to foster and develop my skills and personality.

The Giant Pacific Octopus

The Giant Pacific Octopus This paper is ab prohibited worldly concernta ray dofleni, which is a stinkpot-dwelling gray whale that lives on coasts of the pacific ocean, from Northern Japan to California. This essay will provide a brief overview of its life, habits and other char comporteristics of this, intelligent and creative thornless and member of the Octopodidae family. The life of the pacific giant may begin at any time of the year. The mating season however tends to peak in the month of December, with most of their eggs being laid in April and May. Octopuses reproduction is sexual and takes place in the somewhat shallow depths of 25 -100m and can oddment hours.The fertilization process begins with the male octopus, he uses his third right tentacle which has no suckers but a modified structure known as the hectocotylus to pass spermatophore from at bottom his mantle cavity into the the mantle cavity of the female, also known as the oviduct. Male octopuses may mate with m ore than one female in their biography and females tend have a preference of larger males for their mates. While the female lives until the eggs have time to hatch, the male dies only when a few months by and by breeding. ReproductionAfter being fertilized the female will close herself off in a den here she will lay anywhere between 20,000 and 100,000 eggs over a span of 2-3 weeks. Incubation can take from six to eight months. During this time the female octopus will take to cleaning algae and bacteria off the eggs as well as blowing body of water at them to keep a steady supply of oxygen. After the eggs hatch, the mother clears an possible action in the den for her young to swim up to the surface of the ocean. Life Span After hatching the octopus larva become much like plankton, floating(a) a pertinacious the surface of the ocean feeding on particles of dead food from other larger animals.This stage lasts 30-90 days at which point the octopus descends to the bottom of the oce an where it will spend the rest of its life. The Pacific giant may live up to five years without mating. Some have been recorded unhurriedness up to 600 pounds and being 31 feet wide, but the average size is only about 9 feet wide and 100 pounds in weight, still weighing in as the largest species of octopus. The Den of the Octopus When making or finding a den, octopuses are very resourceful, some dig up areas of sea floor to gird their own den, but others prefer to live in manmade dens such as sunken ships.Dens are very important to octopuses, they use them for hatching their eggs, feeding, and sometimes uses it to felled seam from predators such as larger octopuses and seals. In general, octopuses are very mobile, and may occupy multiple dens in their lifetime. Feeding Habits Octopuses feed on everything from smaller octopus, crustaceans, crabs, and shrimp. Octopuses commonly hunt at night and capture their prey in many different ways, some use their brute strength and size whi le others envenom prey with their venom.Lifestyle and Characteristics Much like the other aspects of its life, the octopus is very resourceful, in its defense and hunting methods and mechanisms. Some species of octopus are extremely poisonous to man they can administer their poison in two ways, by either biting with their bird like beaks, or releasing the venom into the surrounding water of its prey. Though octopuses usually use this tool for hunting, and not defense, this poison can attack the nervous, and respiratory systems of man and can cause death within an hour.There is soon no known antivenom for the octopuss deadly poison. Octopuses also have the ability to change the color of their skin in order to camouflage themselves. This is make through the use of chromatophore cells in the skin. Chromatophore cells are comprised of three sacks containing different colors. The octopus can adjust these colors to match the color of their background. The normal color of the octopus is brown, but it is also seen in other colors correlating with their emotions, such as red for anger and white for fear.The skin of the octopus is generally very soft, the only part that is not is the beak or the head of the octopus, this allows octopuses to fit through holes no larger than the beak its self. All octopuses have the ability to shoot out a jet of purple or blackish ink like fluid from under their eyes, in order to perform a disappearing act when they feel threatened. The octopus can shoot out several blotches of this fluid before the fluid sac is emptied. This trick is not always an option, the ink is in truth toxic to the octopus, and if shot in a confined area, the octopus will become sick or even die.Octopuses have fairly good eyes, in fact they are comparable to ours in clarity. The eyes of the octopus differ from ours, in the aspect that they focus by moving in, and out while the merciful eye works by changing the shape and size of the lens itself. The octopus als o posseses the most advanced brain of all invertebrates, with both short, and long term memories. This allows the octopus to learn in much the same way as humans, through trial and error. When an octopus learns a lesson it remembers and puts its knowledge to use in the future.The octopus has eight arms, with 250 suckers on each arm for a total of 2000 suckers on their body. These suckers are very sensitive to touch, in fact, the octopus can come apart between different objects just as well with their suckers as they can with their eyes. Some species have particular suckers that are larger than the rest This is to aid in reproduction. Although octopuses often lose arms to predators, it is of no consequence as the arm will grow back in a short time. The Octopus Dolfeni and military personnel The pacific giant is the most common commercial species of octopus and is caught by fisheries from north Japan to Washington state.The octopuses are caught in large sometimes clay pots and raise d to the surface. The octopuses are used for bait and for consumption by humans. Although these octopuses are caught in nearly all of their habitats, they are not endangered. The ocean is where life began, and is a far more competitive, and harsher world than the world we know. So it comes as no surprise that the most advanced and well adapted life forms would be entrap in the ocean. Although octopuses do not build large structured civilizations, they are obviously another form of intelligent and highly adapted life forms.

‘A taste of honey’ and ‘My mother said I never should’ Essay

The two drama texts we down studied are A taste of honey and My mother said I never should. These two texts have akin(predicate) themes and issues. They both deal with growing up, single parenthood, leaving home, friendship, family relationships including conflict between daughters, parents and the attitude toward different class behaviour.In this essay I shall be exploring the similarities and differences between the two texts. I shall st ruse with an analysis of A taste of honey and compare this with my mother said I never should.A taste of honey is set in the 1960s in a scrubby little worn-down flat. It deals with the life of a young young lady called Jo and her mother called Helen. In this drama text, Jo and Geof do not get on well with Helen. They are in conflict with each other all the time. We experience this because the text illustrates lots of aggressive language like oh, go to hell.Helen has a boyfriend called peter she leaves Jo to live with him, but when she finds ou t that Jo is pregnant she returns to the flat.When she returns she finds that Jo is funding with a young man called Geof. He is a homosexual and peter is quite homophobic so he insults him constantly. We populate this because he calls him a pansy.Jo is similar to Jackie in My mother said I never should because they are both young single mothers that have dropped out of college however, they are slightly different as well because Jackie, Margaret and her family are middle/upper class opposed to Jos and Helens family which are lower/working class.A taste of honey we see Helen become back to look afterwards her daughter, but she runs out on her Jo and her new baby.In My mother said I never should, the daughter is required to distribute up her role as a mother to return to art college. Jo never has this option and this is another difference between the texts.My mother said I never should has many themes that are the same as A taste of honey for example both deals with young mothers .In this play, there are tetrad different generations of women. The characters names are Jackie, Margaret, Doris and the baby is called Rosie. Attitude to sex and having children has changed through the play form generation to generation as the different characters reflect this. For instant, Jackie is a young child, Margaret is pregnant, we know this because the play goes back in time to a scene in the garden where Margaret tell Doris how she feels near her miscarriage. Margaret says, I thought I didnt want it, till I lost it.Doris, Margarets mother tells Margaret that she shouldnt have worked while she was pregnant. She seems to think that working was the reason that Margaret lost the baby. This shows that in the 1960s women were supposed to stay at home in bed, resting and not working. Margaret thinks that this idea is very sexist.Later in the characters lives Jackie challenges her mothers attitudes to sex before marriage. We learn that Jackie is already sexually active. We know this because the text states that Jackie slept with her boyfriend at his parents house Jackie say, It was a relief to get it over with. Her mother is not particularly happy about it as she says, oh you can wound me sometimes, Jackie. She is unhappy about the fact that Jackie could possible be pregnant.Later in the play we see Jackie with little baby Rosie. They are living in a run down council flat, which shows that the area is lower class. We also learn that the father is not there to help look after Rosie so Jackie is therefore a single mother. Her mother comes to visit and we learn that Jackies mother is pressuring Jackie into giving up the baby and return to art college. As we learn from the text, Jackie is not happy about this as Jackie mother says, Jackie, we cant go over this again you know as well as I do, it would be impossible and Jackie replies by saying I dont believe you.Margaret and her husband are ashamed by single parents. We know that her father is unhappy about Jackie and Rosie because he wont go into the house however Margaret is more relaxed about the situation that Jackie and Rosie are in. she comes to pick up Rosie and Rosies clothes as she will be her new mother. Jackie is reluctant in giving Rosie to Margaret. Jackie is now free to go to Art College again. This reflects that attitudes towards working mothers have changed from one generation to the next.In conclusion I think both are similar in most of their themes however they differ when it comes to how the mothers react and wherefore they react to the situation. For example Helen wanted Jo to move in with her because she thinks she cant cope and Margaret want Jackie to give the baby to her so she can go back to art college because Margaret is from an upper class family and a young single mother is shamed upon and she also wants to have a better life.

Community Knowledge Building And Self Regulated Learning Education Essay

BackgroundIn Hong Kong, it has already been a long clip that schooling puts the principal(prenominal) central point on persons abilities, temperaments and chances withtaboo profoundly researching the possibility of reading by means of community inter pieceion. Norm all(prenominal)y further formal comprehension and incontrovertible accomplishments argon taught in tralatitious schoolrooms. The bulk of this sort of intuition is inert that does non promote deep thought and enquiry. There is no mechanism for pupils to get expert- acquisition accomplishments. In add-on, informal or close wisdom is by and large ignored in school course of studies, though it is every bit of import as the formal entropy. The eruditeness aims ar besides crystalline to pupils. Students argon occupied with undertakings and activities but they do non hold a clear thought rough the grounds why they have to machinate those undertakings and activities.Problem 2 Pedagogical Paradigm Shift payable to the Introduction of the NSS CurriculumsSince 2009, the course of studies of most secondary schools have underg unitary a dramatic alteration due to the acceptance of the New Senior Secondary ( NSS ) course of studies. Two major alterations are the debut of broad surveies and project-based acquisition. The broad surveies subject changes pupils to do connexions among different subjects, date issues from a assortment of positions, and bring ab let out(p) ad hominem intuition of immediate relevancy to themselves in the modern-day universe. On the some other manus, project-based acquisition ( PBL ) aims to enable pupils to induce scholarship through developing their independent acquisition capablenesss, generic and collaborative accomplishments. It is obvious that the new course of studies emphasise on the cultivation of abilities of pupils to incorporate information self-cont individualiseded to build their personal cognition independently and collaboratively. However, most instructors and pupils are still non prepared for this polar alteration and have perplexed about the new bearing of instruction and acquisition.Problem 3 The Problems of the Commonly Used studentship PlatformsEven though slightly Hong Kong schools discover the arts of the traditional permissive instruction attack, good acquisition platforms that sack up carry through the demands of this new acquisition environment are rare in the market. Despite that many schools have installed computing machines with Internet admission fee in schoolrooms, on that point is no obvious difference in pupil larning quality between this sort of computer-supported schoolrooms and the traditional 1s. Intentional acquisition and expertise development. bear provided be fostered in this sort of schoolroom scenes.In order to better larning quality and effectivity, some schools in Hong Kong have been following certain learning platforms for about ten old ages, yet they can merely let pupils to uplo ad their work, download stuffs mandated by instructors, station messages to or read messages from electronic notice-boards, etc.. The platforms merely act like electronic information depositories that can non truly assist pupils to larn and build cognition on their ain or collaboratively, non to advert that the user interfaces are non easy-to-use in general. This sort of larning platforms contradicts the e-learning systems suggested by Angehrn, Nabeth and Roda ( 2001 ) . They claimed that e-learning should be extremely personalised, learner-centric, societal, active, synergistic, connected to scholars ends, supportive of uninterrupted acquisition and so on.Research of Existing Learning Platforms Supporting cooperative LearningSing the issues mentioned above, pupils in Hong Kong need a learning platform that can supply utile and effectual installations for them to pull off and build cognition, and larn collaboratively and continuously. The platform should besides assist them to do better usage of the bing on-line resources and manage and consolidate the information they have obtained for self-regulated acquisition.After researching preliminarily on bing acquisition platforms, there are three major computing machine supported collaborative work/learning ( CSCW/L ) systems ready(prenominal) for instruction intents FLE3, Synergeia and fellowship Forum.FLE3 ( Leinonen et al. , 2002 ) , which is an unfastened offshoot platform developed under the ITCOLE undertaking, entails a depository, a forum and a shared workspace called WebTop dent, Knowledge construction tool and Jamming tool severally. The last tool allows scholars to do usage of all sorts of multimedia system digital artifacts.Synergeia ( Stahl, 2004 ) is besides designed within the ITCOLE undertaking that provides free licences for educational establishments. It dole outs paperss and informations through depositories ( the Basic Support for accommodative Work system ) and forums ( Instant Messages ) severally in an asynchronous environment. The most singular tool is MapTool that enables a root of participants to make concept map collaboratively and synchronously. The huckster tool is besides synchronal.Knowledge Forum was initiated by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter. They have proposed that schools should be restructured as cognition edifice community based on the thought that larning, expertness cultivation in peculiar, requires enormous attempt and societal support that is non accessible in the first-order school environment. Students should get non-asymptotic acquisition accomplishments, i.e. , learn to continuously accommodate to alterations in the environment caused by others version. This turn will invariably do parts to the corporate cognition of a school community, transforming the school into a second-order environment.Multimedia LearningA acquisition platform that can steer pupils efficaciously to build cognition from assorted sorts of information, partic ularly the multimedia one ( Shank, 2005 ) , is of paramount importance. Van Merrienboer ( 1999 ) proposed some guidelines of bringing of instructions in multimedia acquisition environments. He considered multimedia larning in tissue-based environments in reality important in the approaching hereafter as it facilitates distributed outmatch bringing and combines presentation and communicating installations. He believed that multimedia acquisition can be used to back up competency-based acquisition, and effectual, efficient and appealing collaborative acquisition. The multimedia capablenesss of all of the three platforms literally satisfy the guidelines.Concept MapsThe MapTool of Synergeia allows participants to build corporate cognition through pulling construct maps a graphical artifact that expresses cognition of scholars in a signifier that can be understood easy. The development of construct maps was initiated by Novak and Gowin s ( 1984 ) research refering human acquisition an d cognition building. In a construct map, besides called cognition map, a construct is normally placed inside a box or circle that is connected to one or more other constructs via directed discharge, stand foring the relationships between the constructs concerned. The relationships are described by verbs normally. The constructs are contrived hierarchically with the most general constructs at the top of the map.The construction of a construct map is dependent on its scene. Concept maps holding similar constructs can change from one context to another(prenominal) and are extremely idiosyncratic. Concept maps can be used to mensurate the cognition of a individual about a subject in a specific context. Therefore, construct maps constructed by different people on the aforesaid(prenominal) subject must be different. In the same sense, there is no such a thing as the right construct map about a peculiar subject, as there can be many available right representations of the subject.Conc ept function has assisted people of different ages obtain cognition in assorted Fieldss. When constructs and associating words are carefully chosen, these maps are hefty tools for detecting niceties of significance. Each construct map allows its Godhead to do usage of a virtually limitless set of associating words to demo how significances can be developed. There are no limitations on what words can be used to organize constructs or associating phrases. Concepts are normally nouns and associating phrases verbs. It is recommended to utilize as few words as possible for constructs and associating verbs. Associating phrases can show any types of relationships and are non limited to a defined set.Knowledge constructionKnowledge Forum is designed harmonizing to the 12 Knowledge Building Principles proposed by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter. It is a collaborative acquisition platform operated in a networked environment. It can work on both pumped(p) and wireless webs and users can entree it via the Internet. The model of Knowledge Forum is cross-sector, cross-age and cross-cultural. It has been used in instruction, wellness attention and concern communities in the Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, and New Zealand. This reflects that the sociocognitive and cultural procedures implicit in(p) cognition acquisition and cognition creative activity are basically the same that are applicable to knowledge builders of all sectors, ages, and civilizations.The 12 Knowledge Building Principles are as followsReal Ideas, Authentic ProblemsIdeas are every bit existent as touchable things. Learners are much more interested in existent life jobs than textbook jobs and mystifiers. Knowledge Forum fosters a civilization for scholars to work with thoughts creatively.Improvable IdeasAll thoughts are improvable. Learners can actively better their ain thoughts and those in the community if they are encouraged to take hazards without being afraid to attest ignorance and have ague and unconstructive unfavorable judgment. Knowledge Forum allows unrelenting betterment, alteration and system polish.Idea DiversityIdea diverseness is indispensable to the development of cognition promotion as it creates a rich environment for thoughts to dart into new and more refined signifiers. Knowledge Forum facilitates associating thoughts in different notes and positions together to advance interaction and productive usage of thought diverseness.Rise higher upNew syntheses of cognition can be obtained by unrelentingly working with improvable and diversified thoughts. High-order thought can be cultivated. In Knowledge Forum, rise-above notes and positions enable participants to larn accommodating industrial alterations in the environment.Epistemic AgencyLearners are responsible for their cognition promotion that can be stimulated by the thoughts of other community members. They learn how to pull off their acquisition by puting ends and programs, inquiring inquiries, and measuring accomplishment. Knowledge Forum offers characteristics like scaffolds that help scholars synthesise high-ranking cognition by utilizing a assortment of epistemic footings such as speculation, admiration, speculate, etc..Community Knowledge, Collective ResponsibilityCommunity accomplishments are valued more than single accomplishments. Participants portion duty for the overall cognition promotion in the community. Knowledge Forum provides an unfastened and collaborative environment that allows community members contribute conceptual artifacts that can be linked together effectual for future mention.Democratizing KnowledgeAll participants, including the more and less talented, are empowered to prosecute in cognition invention in Knowledge Forum. Every member strive for cognition promotion in a joint venture mode.Symmetric Knowledge AdvancementIt can be achieved from cognition exchange between members of different sorts of intelligence in a community as to give cognition is t o acquire cognition. Knowledge Forum supports pragmatical trials and co-construction of positions across user groups, both within and between communities.Permeant Knowledge BuildingKnowledge edifice utilizing Knowledge Forum can be carried out in and out of school through the Internet.Constructive Uses of Authoritative BeginningsAuthoritative beginnings such as intelligence and multimedia stuffs found on the Internet can be attached to Knowledge Forum that can be acted as the foundation for cognition builders to progress community cognition.Knowledge Building DiscourseKnowledge Forum accommodates plow of cognition edifice communities that refines and transforms knowledge through the dianoetic patterns of the community.Embedded and Transformative AssessmentKnowledge Forum allows a community to build up its ain internal appraisal, which is both more bespoke and flexible than external appraisalResearch FocusAfter comparing the chief characteristics of the three collaborative CSCL/W tools, it is blunt that Knowledge Forum emphasizes deeply on the procedure of community cognition edifice based on rules like improvable thoughts and progressive job work outing. It should be a more executable declaration for instructors and pupils to manage the approaching pedagogical enter displacement than the other two. It is perceived that Fle3 is simply designed as a package of depository, forum and shared workspace without important emphasis on the procedure of collaborative cognition building. Refering Synergeia, it is empowered by the notable construct maps that are widely accepted as a really effectual manner for cognition building. Nevertheless, the rise-above and build-on characteristics of Knowledge Forum maximize the learning capacity of from each one scholar through community attempt that triumph the concept-organising belongings of construct maps.Largely significantly, there are already many instructors rehearsing cognition edifice article of belief methods utili zing Knowledge Forum in many topographic points. Apart from Toronto, Hong Kong has the largest instructor community giving excessive attempt to learning pupils collaborative larning accomplishments. However, the instructors who have experience in utilizing Knowledge Forum reported some insufficiency of the acquisition platform. For case, when a instructor wants to read a certain sort of messages, such as inquiries, he/she has to shop through all the notes straight in the present design. It is one of the grounds why it is non really easy to measure pupils parts. Sometimes a subscriber may desire to hold a list of his/her ain parts so that he/she can size up the acquisition procedure however, this map is non available in the current version.Research AimsThe aims of this research are as followsTo look into extensively how Knowledge Forum can assist pupils build community cognition.To understand the jobs faced by instructors and pupils in utilizing Knowledge Forum, particularly those refering assessing pupils acquisition advancement and public presentation.To research a set of appropriate web and database engineering, particularly knowledge and information visual image, that is utile to strengthen the functionality of Knowledge Forum, particularly assessment tools that can avail instructors to measure pupils parts.To develop a paradigm of back uping tools that can reenforce Knowledge Forum sing appraisal, information storage and retrieval.To measure the quality and public presentation of the paradigm.Relevant Literature and Guiding FrameworkKnowledge Building and Problem Solving through Knowledge ForumScardamalia and Bereiter believe that a school should be a topographic point for knowing acquisition and expertness cultivation. However, traditional schooling merely take seeable parts of cognition, i.e. , formal cognition and incontrovertible accomplishments. These sorts of inert cognition rarely touch pupils idea and look and utile informal/tacit cognition is seldom embraced in traditional school course of studies.Furthermore, in a traditional school, many instructors project their focal point on undertakings and activities without underlying the associated acquisition aims, so pupils are by and large incognizant of cognition aims behind the undertakings and activities they are supposed to make. Scardamalia and Bereiter point out pupils can accomplish knowing larning merely if they actively try to achieve a cognitive aim. Therefore, the current schooling system merely benefits those with high persons abilities, temperaments and chances, merely those alleged bright pupils are able to prise into the secrets of those undertakings and activities.Expertness cultivation in schools is besides of paramount importance, i.e. , pupils should be able to larn to be an expert-like scholar who processes progressive job work outing accomplishments. It is believed that job work outing accomplishments can be achieved through meaningful acquisition that metacognitive cognition is obtained by agencies of self-acting procedures. Richard and Wittrock put frontward seven instructional methods that stimulate job resolution load-reducing, structure-based, schema-activation, productive, guided find, mold and learning thought. The first six methods train pupils to be res publica job convergent thinkers while the last one enhances their general job work outing capablenesss. There are four characteristics of successful learning believe accomplishments plans focal point on the most chiseled accomplishments, contextualize the accomplishments within reliable undertakings, personalise the accomplishments through societal interaction and language-based treatment of job resolution procedures, and rush up the accomplishments that pupils can larn with lower-level accomplishments. Simply expressed, Richard and Wittrock suggest that general expertness or job work outing accomplishments can be transferred from instructors to pupils based on dog mas similar to those 12s knowledge edifice rules advocated by Scardamalia and Bereiter. However, traditional schooling offers no mechanisms for instructors to reassign their expertness to pupils, so most pupils can non come on into expert-like scholars through reinvestment of mental resources released from following progressive job work outing methods such as form acquisition and automaticity.Scardamalia and Bereiter impulse that, with the drift of engineering, schools should be transformed into cognition edifice communities. The discourse framed by this sort of sociocognitive procedure transcends the barriers of didactic instruction and child/activity-centred cognition development. The advancement of the acquisition accomplished through cognition edifice discourse should be able to be orchestrated and mediated alternatively of the unpredictable acquisition advancement in traditional schooling. In add-on, all members in a school community, including both instructors and pupils, shou ld take up corporate cognitive duty which refers to the status in which duty for the success of a group attempt is distributed across all the members instead than being concentrated in the leader ( p. 68 ) . Every community member should understand the cognition compulsory by the community and do certain others know what they are supposed to cognize.In a cognition edifice discourse, a pupil referee can hold their cognition advanced from groking the parts made by other pupils in the community, so it is one of the inducements for pupils to take part in the discourse. Once a pupil makes a choice part, he/she gets acknowledgment and regard from other community members. The desire of being recognized and respected, together with the craving for doing outstanding wedge on the community, may be two of the other motives. A to the full well-designed equal reappraisal system is indispensably required and the discourse should be near to pupils personal lives pupils work together to do se nse of the universe around them and worktowards progressing their ain province of cognition and that of the category .The features of a successful cognition edifice discourse are concentrate on jobs and deepness of understanding , decentralized, unfastened cognition environments for corporate apprehension and productive interaction within loosely conceived knowledge-building communities ( p.274 ) . engineering plays a critical function in carry throughing a successful cognition edifice discourse. Knowledge Forum and its former version, Computer-Supported Intentional Learning environment ( CSILE ) , have a community database at the Centre of a schoolroom discourse. Students thoughts can be extended to a broader cognition edifice community if necessary. In the discourse environment, pupils act as both writers and referees who can lend their thoughts by making text or graphical notes, hunt bing notes, and form notes into more mazy informational constructions. Auto-notificatio n through electronic mails will be sent to writers when others comment on their notes. The note-writing environments are specially designed for participants to specify enquiries as jobs alternatively of subjects. Discourses are carried out through saying theories and information for progressing theories. The scaffold map provides participants with phrases refering cognitive procedures, such as I need to understand , My theory , A better theory , This theory can non explicate , Put our cognition together , to call a few, that help participants contour discourses. The frequent usage of these theory-building footings can assist scholars tackle expert-like acquisition accomplishments that can be employed in their day-to-day lives. Knowledge Forum and CSILE besides pinpoint intentionality as scholars deliberately submit jobs of what they require to understand and asseverate justifications for linked attached. The knowing scholars can larn how to do determinations and deploy dia gnostic procedures.Knowledge Forum and CSILE render a decentralized and unfastened discourse environment that reverses the instructor initiates, pupil responds, teacher evaluates form for unwritten and written discourse . By using a distributed theoretical account, information fluxing between participants is non audited by a cardinal authorization. Since different pupils possess different sorts of cognition, the cognition exchanges can be really productive. Students of different ages and abilities can take portion in the same discourse. Students with better viva voce or written linguistic communication accomplishments can non rule the discourse as the other pupils can border their thought by pulling diagrams or edifice on information in others notes or external resources. Those who are non familiar with the subject can lend to the community by inquiring inquiries and composing contemplations. The inefficient turn-tasking job in normal schoolroom treatments is automatically elimin ated as discourses in Knowledge Forum are held asynchronously over a computing machine web or the Internet. Students can compose their statements at any coveted clip and have all the clip they want to explicate the statements, without force per unit area like that happened in an unwritten treatment. This encourages pupils to print independent idea and polish their ain thoughts and those in the community, ensuing in progressive self-acting acquisition and job work outing preparation.Information / Knowledge VisualisationSome users reported that the current design of Knowledge Forum is non really intuitive to utilize, particularly for complex undertakings and ill-structured capable affairs. The new coevals of knowledge/information visual image engineering seems to be an effectual solution. The purpose of information visual image is to supply knowledge-based entree to information resources and aid users in doing sense of the resources they are looking for during information retrieval. O n the other manus, the end of cognition visual image is to help pupils in acquisition and job resolution by supplying tools to further externalised knowledge.There are many good practised information visual image techniques available, such as landscape metaphors, cartograms, ticket clouds, etc.. Some pedagogues claim that these techniques can assist users understand the information better. In the context of cognition building, apprehension of information is non sufficient, pupils need to be exposed to the information in different ways and be able to lucubrate a personal experience from it.Some other similar tools using visual image techniques have besides been developed in recent old ages, like publication Maps Strand Map, VisIT ( Visualization of Information Tool ) , Model-It, Microworlds, etc.. Some web hunt engines even implement explorative hunts with the aid of information visual image techniques to polish user hunt questions. Users can now transport out explorative hunts on the WWW through consecutive loops on the ocular interfaces of these tools. Examples are KartOO, UJIKO, Crokker, Simploos, Quintura, oSkope, News Map, etc..It is evident that educational tools using cognition visual image engineering can help pupils in undertaking topics like broad surveies to a great extent as this sort of topics require pupils to larn from resources in assorted subjects and develop capacities to construction and organize their cognition and acquisition stuffs for effectual learning direction, non to advert that cognition from different topics and spheres is complex, interconnected and ill-structured in a complex mode.

3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs

3 SKILLS EVERY 21st-CENTURY MANAGER NEEDS SYNOPSIS Vatsala Mishra 2012183 Section C The past decade has seen a sudden and drastic change in the way work is done. Corporate culture has now embraced the dynamics of modern focusing thinking and is rapidly aligning itself with the evolving organizational environment. The HBR article 3 Skills Every 21st Century Manager Needs is a commentary on the evolving somatic structures that are more collaborative and less hierarchical. The 3 skill-sets that are mentioned are 1.Code Switching Between Cultures A critical practical challenge that organizations face in the increasingly interdependent global economy is the ability to function rough-and-readyly across national pagan boundaries. Instead of operating exclusively within the cultural setting in which they were born and raised, individuals must now be capable of functioning appropriately in a wide variety of foreign cultural situations, many of which have different cultural norms for appr opriate behaviour that may conflict with their core values and beliefs.In response to this challenge, a growing number of focussing scholars have examined the antecedents and consequences of successful long-term adaptation to a foreign culture. To work well with foreign colleagues, you may have to risk feeling inauthentic and incompetent. Andrew L. Molinsky. 2. Wielding digital Influence Being culturally fluent means being able to enter a new context, master the norms, and feel comfortable doing so. Most managers discover how to use online tools, such as LinkedIn and Facebook, to build their networks.But few use these networks to gather information and wield influence. Here are three things you can do with a strong digital network Test ideas Test proposals and strategies both inside and outside your organization. Float an idea to see how many likes it gets or to direct citizenry to a survey. Broker connections Increase your influence by positioning yourself as a bridge between u nconnected groups. Identify potential collaborations and make introductions. score feedback Good networkers rely on their contacts to give feedback on challenges. Post a message about your struggle and solicit input. As companies become less hierarchical, the effective use of online networks will be crucial to success. Thomas H. Davenport and Bala Iyer. 3. Dividing Attention Deliberately How do our brains function naturally? Close your eyes for 5 minutes and tag how your thoughts zigzag, stray, jump and double back. To unnaturally force our brain into giving any piece of work its single(a) attention does not really enkindle productivity. In the example of the IBM employees, the collective distraction of all seven of them did not lower their productivity any bit.Therefore, training ourselves to give any task our undivided attention is unnatural and unnecessary. Recent surveys have shown that while ordinarily people assume that access to the internet decreases their level of prod uctivity, it is actually quite the contrary. The productivity levels go up by over 9% and hence blaming technology for diverting our attention span is both misleading and unproductive. Instead of battling distraction, embrace your brains proclivity for it. Cathy Davidson.

7 Correctional Models

pic cogitation SYLLABUS Prep ard by Bonifacio A. de Lara, Jr. SUBJECT CODE information processing system 1/10 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY Diploma in Midwifery COLLEGE OF ARTS SCIENCES AND SOCIAL WORKS bach of Arts and BSSW COLLEGE TEACHER EDUCATION BSE and BEEd COLLEGE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION BSTHRT, ATHRT, BSBA, 2 Year Certificate in Computer Secretarial and BSOA COLLEGE OF THEOLOGY ABTheo, BPTheo and BRE-ECE SUBJECT TITLEIntroduction to Computer Science and Programming Concepts UNITS3 building blocks PRE-REQUISITEN matchless TYPE OF SUBJECTMinor cogencyBonifacio A. de Lara, Jr. TERMSFirst Semester / Second SemesterROOMSEZE 201/ST 104 SUBJECT DESCRIPTION This course is intentional to teach the students the basics of computer education. It was designed in a demeanor that testament allow the students to acquire a l chalk uper- symbol education in information technology. SUBJECT PURPOSE OVERVIEW Computer 10 is a course that enables students to familiarize themselves with the numeral function of basic operations of a computer much(prenominal) as operating system, windows applications such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft outmatch, and Microsoft PowerPoint with version 2003, respectively. STUDENTS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 1. Class Standing (CS) 2/3 of the TERM GRADE Att abolishance students should non incur absences of more than 20% of the required att shoe experiencers lastance. for each one absence would mean reduction of attendance rate by one step. Quizzes at that place must be at least two quizzes per condition period. Each quiz should contain ten to fifteen questions. Unit Test there must be at least one unit test per term period. Each unit test should contain 20 to 30 points / question. Assignments assignments should be given to students to further gallop their horizon on the subject matter. This must be given equivalent rating for purpose s of computing the term grade. Graded Recitation this should be given once every term grade. ano ther(prenominal) Factors other factors which should be determined at the start of classes may be acknowledged depending upon the nature of the course, desire projects, term papers, re as distinguish works, workbooks, etc. For the above purpose, each factor or tip should be depute a corresponding percentage. The full weight of the Class Standing is equal to 2/3 of the total term grade. 2. Term Test (1/3) Prelim Test (PT) Midterm Test (MT) Final Test (FT) In determining the term grade, the Term Test is equal to 1/3 of the Class Standing in each term period. 3.Formula in Computing the Term Grade PG = (CS X 2) + PT / 3 MG = (CS X 2) + MT / 3 2 + PG 3 FG = CS X 2) + FT / 32 + MG 3 NCC THEME The Administration, Faculty, ply and Students of Northern Christian College N Nurtured in Christ C Centered in Christ C Committed in Christ NCC CREDO Northern Christian College seeks a life of faith, learning and serveance that will develop the person into becoming intellectually com petent and honest, morally and ethically sensitive, and creatively cognisant and responsive to the necessarily, aspirations and realization of Just, Free and Responsible Christian social evidence. NCC MISSIONThe Mission of Northern Christian College is the didactics of the spiritual, intellectual, social and physical faculties of the y bulge outh of the Philippines with special emphasis upon the development of Christian character as exemplified by the life and teaching of Jesus Christ. NCC VISION A just free and responsible community bother up of people who argon intellectually competent and honest and morally and ethically sensitive to the needs and aspiration of the society I. packet settle of instructions written in a code / curriculums Computers do some thing you probably wish people did they do exactly what you tell them to do.They follow instructions. In fact, the only thing they do is follow instructions. Without instructions, they just sit there, as useless as that proverbial bump on a log. A list of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called PROGRAM or softw atomic matter 18 product. TYPES OF SOFTWARE I. SYSTEM SOFTWARE designed to allow the computer to manage its own re writers and meet basic operations. A. run SYSTEM -is a collection of curriculums that oversees all computer operations. showcases 1. DOS 5. 0/DOS 6. 0 pic 2. Linux pic 3. Unix pic 4. Windows 3. 00, 3. , 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8 pic B. PRORAGRAMMING LANGUAGES Levels of Languages a. Machine Lang represents needive information 1s & 0s (Binary Nos. ) b. Assembly Lang. low level (Uses mnemonic Codes) pic c. High Level Lang. Procedural pic d. Very High Level Lang. OOP or 4GLs pic e. Natural Lang. pic II. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE designed and written to perform a particular kind of work/task allows to summation productivity and creativity A. WORD PROCESSING is an application program designed for manipulating text edition editionual matterbo ok employ for writing, trending and rewriting.Examples 1. Wordstar 2. MS-Word 3. scallywag nonplusr 4. WordPerfect picpicpic B. SPREADSHEET Is a microcomputer program that provides increased calculation accuracy, easy updating, and the ability to recalculate column and wrangle totals quickly under different sets of assumption. Examples 1. Lotus 123 2. MS-Excel 3. Quattro Pro picpicpic C. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A softwargon use to organize, analyze, search for update, and retrieve selective information. Purpose Is to organize collections of data. Examples 1. Dbase Plus 2. Foxbase 3. Access 4. Visual BasicAny collection of data shadower be do easier to maintain and much more accessible membership rouses, checking accounts, restaurant reservations mailing lists, employee records. picpicpicpic D. GRAPHICS PROGRAMS softw atomic number 18 that lets you create pictures 1. Paint Programs- apply to create bit-mapped images. Examples Paint, Adobe Photoshop 2. Draw Programs cr eate aspiration lens-oriented images. Tools to draw lines, rectangles, circles and ovals. 3. Presentation Programs is designed to further assist the user in creating and generating professional looking such as slides, visuals issuances and sounds. the well-nigh meaningful of this program is its multimedia Presentations basis be supplied movies, music and animation. Examples CorelDraw Presentation, PowerPoint, 4. Computer-Assisted Design (CAD) utilize to produce three-d images composed of circles, arcs, and straight lines. it create any object, whether its a house, ship engine, bottle, or sneaker. Examples AutoCAD E. DESKTOP publication Is designed to create publishing programs such as newsletters, brochures, cards, forms and business memos. Examples score Artist, Publisher, CorelDraw, Newsmaster, Photoshop, F.EDUCATION AND TRAINING Is designed primarily for academic and training. TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE 1. Tutorials programs use step-by-step instructions to teach facts, skills, and concepts. Tutorials are rather kindred textbooks, except that they are inter prompt. Example How to operate a piece of equipment, use punctuation, read music, play the guitar and program computer. 2. Drill and practice programs are used to reinforce skills in subjects such as arithmetic, spelling, speed reading, immaterial languages, and typing. 3. Simulations programs imitate real steadyts. It reinforce facts and concepts. How do you pilot a plane? -What decisions need to be do to improve your washstanddidates chances of election? -What challenges would you as head, and how would you handle those challenges? G. GENERAL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Software that help people run their businesses. Example 1. If youre thinking of launching a new product or business, there are programs designed to help you develop and implement a business plan. 2. If you dont have an employee manual, there are programs that contain dozens of company policy statements, which you quarter use verbatim or edit to meet your specific needs. Examples of GBPs 1.Accounting software record financial transactions, prepares invoices, calculates each employees taxes and other deductions. 2. Project counselling Software helps managers plan and preclude track of the tasks resources, time schedules, and cost of project. 3. Statistical Packages are powerful tools that use a variety of calculations to analyze astronomical sets of data. 4. Decision Support Tools designed to help define the of import criteria involved in making a particular decision. -Assigning a numerical nurse, or weight, to each criterion. past you score each of your elections to see which ranks highest. H.SELF-IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM These are computer programs for al roughly personal interest or activity. This small sampling gives you a sense of the scope of whats available 1. Garden planners help you rent plans best suited for your geographical theatre, lay out your garden, and determine optimal pla nting and harvesting dates. 2. Geneology program help you organize information to the highest degree your ancestors and create family trees. 3. Home inventory programs for people who have everything, or at least penury to protect everything they have against financial loss in case of fire, theft, or natural disaster. . Wedding planners help people prepare guest lists, schedule events, postulate honeymoon destinations, and keep tract of estimated and tangible expenses. HEALTH AND FITNESS 1. Medical programs provide information on diseases, injuries, medical tests, immunizations, nutrition, dieting, and fitness, and make diagnoses based on an analysis of your symptoms. 2. Biofeedback programs designed to teach you how to handle stress, how to relax, even how to control blood compress and heart rate. MONEY MATTERS 1.Money managers organized your bills, write checks, reconcile accounts, track insurance policies, set up product line and bond portfolio rate. 2. Tax programs gui de you finished tax preparation, from compiling the necessary data to scratching out tax forms for federal and state income taxes.. I. ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM Designed for enjoyment. GAME SOFTWARE 1. Arcades Games that let you hire at aliens or some other targets and try to pile up ever-higher scores. 2. Fantasy role-playing games schoolbook-based stories in which you ever have to make decisions Which path should I follow?Are these people to be trusted? Whats the meaning of riddle? Is this safe drink? 3. Games of chance and skill Electronic versions of card games such as bridge and poker, board games such as Monopoly and Scrabble, and TV shows such as Jeopardy, and Wheel of Fortune. 4. Simulations games that use graphics and sound effects to imitate real-life situations, giving you the chance to live vicariously as you pilot a jet fighter, drive a Formula virtuoso car, play pool. J. UTILITY PROGRAMS Designed to perform certain(p) housekeeping and maintenance tasks.They impr ove your efficiency of your computer system, protect the system against conglomerate disasters. *Most utilities are memory-resident program. They remain in the computers memory at all times. You chamberpot access them instantly, even when youre in the middle of an application. *Many utilities are packaged with operating systems and application programs. Example -utilities include with MS-DOS can display a list of archives stored on a disk, copy files. -Erase un postulateed files on a disk. -Spell checkers and thesauruses included in the account book processing packages as well can be a aspect of as utilities.ADDITIONAL UTILITIES THAT ARE SOLD SEPARATELY, profi checkoutle utilities include 1. shoot restorey program used to recover files that are mistakenly erased from a floppy or hard disk. 2. Compressors used to compress data, giving surplus space to fit more files into a hard or floppy disk. 3. Macro makers performing the same(p) sequence of teachings over and over is t ime-consuming. 4. home runer utilities programs enhance shanghaier operations by allowing to schedule print times, drive multiple newspapermans simultaneously, print spread piece of papers sideways. 5. Screen Saversdesigned to unburned images into the covert. 6.Anti-virus protect computers and computer meshings against programs called Virus. K. MULTIMEDIA Designed to perform editing, recording/ rewriting, designing movies and other media related. You can listen music and watch movies. textbook and graphics can be enhanced to with audio, video, and animation by using the techniques of multimedia production. VISUAL DATA Data used in presentation or free-drawing graphics package is already digitized for storage and processing by a computer. A toolbox in multimedia software allows a developer at the video firm to analyse and edit, frame by frame, a video.L. COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE allow a PC equipped w/ a modem to connect w/ other PC through phone lines to ex metamorphose info rmation. IX. MICROSOFT OFFICE travel by pic pic pic pic A. WHAT IS A M. S. EXCEL-Experimenting in a Cell ? Developed by Microsoft Corporation ? An electronic spread ragtime used to forge numerical data with formulas and built-in functions ? Consist of 65,536 lines 256 columns ? An Excel file is a workbook B. FEATURES 1. The keyboard is used for data entry. 2. Performs various mathematical operation. 3. Worksheets can be saved and retrieved for further editing. . Automatic calculations. 5. Supports da ragase, graphics, embedding objects and presentations. 6. Cross-referencing of multiple sheets. 7. Creating multiple graphs. 8. Multiple levels of loose C. WHY DO WE USE EXCEL 1. It helps the data to be manipulated repeatedly 2. Facilitates changes made to the figures 3. Auto numeration of correction 4. Data are enhanced by its various graphical presentation 5. It is a user friendly program 6. Avoid repetition of work 7. Saves storage space picpicpicpic D. USES OF EXCEL 1. Preparat ion of monetary Reports . Sales and Costs Analysis 3. Stock and Inventory Control 4. Effective in Sales foretelling 5. for Budgeting E. PERFORMING CALCULATION Formulas procedures used to solve a specific mathematical problem Arithmetic operators mathematical symbols used in formulas identify the process or action to be taken in fellowship to solve the problem Operand ExampleOperatorsSymbols Constant value 2Addition + Cell savoir-faire A1Subtraction melt reference A1B2Multiplication * Label Jan SalesDivision / Range name RevenuePercent % make for Sum(A1B4)Exponential sentence structure format understood by a program in order to properly execute and implement a process * Microsoft Excel syntax, includes an equal sign (=) followed by the operands and the operators standardised Examples= 2 + 3 = A1 B6 =3 * A5 =Sales / Months =5 4 picpicpicpic Operator precedence Operator comment (colon) (single space)Reference Operators , (comma) Negation (as in 1) % Percent Exponentia tion * and / Multiplication and division + and Addition and subtraction & Connects two strings of text (concatenation) = = Comparison Relative References when a formula is created, references to stalls or gets are usually based on their strength relative to the cellular phone that contains the formula when you copy the formula, Excel will political machinematically paste the changeed references in the destination cells relative to the position of the formula Absolute References used when you do not trust to lay out the references in formula when copying Functions predefined formulas that perform calculations by using specific values called causes, in a particular order or structure arguments can be constants, formulas or functions Other usually used functions are shown in the conterminous table. Function wee verbal description Result MAX() bump the largest number from the arguments =MAX(20,25,15)Result 25 MIN() Find the smallest number from the arguments=MIN(20,25 ,15) Result 15 AVERAGE() Find the average for the arguments =AVERAGE(20,25,15) Result 20 COUNT() Counts number of cells that contains=COUNT(1,4,B,3,20) number from the argumentsResult 4 COUNTA() Counts number of cells that are not=COUNTA(1,4,B,3,20) empty from the argumentsResult 5 *Some functions do not need an argument in the parenthesis.Function NameDescription Result Today() Re twist arounds current date =Today()Result 9/4/03 Now() Returns current date and time =Now()Result 9/4/03 1220 ADVANCED FORMULAS use Logical Functions help you correspond the values or expression hat Excel can evaluate as TRUE or dark. Excel then(prenominal) uses the results to perform actions or return the answers you are looking for. A. IF Function Syntax=IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false) Logical Test used to compare the values/expressions that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE used for text returnsValue_if_true = value that is returned if the logical test is true return the word TRU E if leave blank Value_if_false = value that is returned if the logical test is false return the word FALSE if leave blank B. NESTED IF Function used if there are few conditions and few return values C. OR Function to evaluate if all of the arguments (logical test) is TRUE up to 30 arguments can be used as long as one of the as long as one of the arguments is true, it will return a TRUE Syntax=OR(logical_test1,logical_test2,.. ) Example ReturnOR(TRUE,TRUE,TRUE) TRUE OR(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE) TRUE OR(FALSE,TRUE,FALSE) TRUE OR(FALSE,FALSE,FALSE) FALSE D. AND Function to evaluate if ALL of the arguments (logical test) is TRUE up to 30 arguments can be used as long as one of the as long as one of the arguments is false, it will return a FALSE Syntax=AND(logical_test1,logical_test2,.. ) Example Return AND(TRUE,TRUE,TRUE) TRUE AND(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE) FALSE AND(FALSE,TRUE,FALSE) FALSE AND(FALSE,FALSE,FALSE) FALSE E. COUNT IF Function Counts the number of cells within the incline that meet s the riteria Range cells that you want to compare with criteria Criteria condition in a form of text, number or expression that defines which cells will be counted Syntax =COUNT IF(range, criteria) G. PARTS OF MS EXCEL pic 1. form of plow lay off Displays the program name and the workbook name you are working on. 2. Menu Bar Displays and access the drop- downwards menus that contain the Excel command options. 3. Standard Toolbar Contains a number of buttons, which you polish off using the mouse, to carry out some of the more commonly used command options. 4. formatting Toolbar Contains a number of buttons that help you change the format or push throughance of text, such as bold and underlined. 5. Name Box Shows the selected cell, drawing object or graph item. You can also name a selected cell / range or move to the selected cell / range. 6. Formula Bar Displays the content (value or formula) of the active cell. You can also edit the formula using the formula bar. 7. A ctive Cell The selected cell in which data is entered when you begin typing. Only one cell is active at a time. The active cell is move by a heavy border. 8.Column Heading Shows the column reference letter. 9. Row Heading Shows the row reference number. 10. Sheet Tab Shows the sheet name. 11. Horizontal Scroll Bar or Vertical Scroll Bar Help you to scroll through your worksheet using the mouse. 12. Status Bar Displays information about a selected command or an operation in progress. The right side of the status bar shows whether the keys (CAPS LOCK, SCROLL LOCK, or NUM LOCK) are turned on. 13. Task Pane Display useful common tasks such as creating and opening a workbook. There are task back breakers with different contents that help you do your work.The contents of the task pane is context-sensitive, depending on what task you are performing. H. KEYBOARD PRESS Press Move to One cell to the right One cell to the left v One cell to the down One cell to the up + coating cel l to the right of the current land + First cell to the left of the current region + v Last cell to the bottom of the current region + First cell to the flower of the current region First cell in the row + First cell in the worksheet + Last cell in the worksheet which contains data scallywag Down One sort out down scallywag Up One screen up + Page Down One screen right Page Up One screen up I. CREATING VARIOUS CHART TYPES graph ? graphic representation of worksheet data that interprets information, analyzes and compares data clearly ? can be formatted by adding a legend, chart statute title, adding pictures, markers or make an embedded chart ? visually charitable and make it easy for users to see comparisons, patterns, and trends in data graph Wizard ? a serial of negotiation boxes that lead you through all the steps necessary to create an effective chart 1. How to Create a Chart ? Using Chart Wizard ? Using Chart toolbar 2.Create a Chart Using the ChartWizard ? use up th e data range you want to chart. ? Be sure to include the data you want to chart, the column and row labels in the range. ? frank the ChartWizard form the Toolbar. ? Select Chart reference. ? Choose the Chart sub-type. ? contact Press and reach the look at sample button to preview the pickaxe. ? Choose Next. Make sure the correct data range is selected. ? Select the appropriate Chart option button to plot data series in row or in columns. ? Choose Next. ? Select the Chart Location you want to place the chart on a new sheet or on an existing sheet. If you choose to place the chart on existing sheet rather than on a new sheet, the chart is called Embedded Objects. ? slammer Finish. 3. Enhancing a Chart ? You may choose the coiffe menu and maunder Select e. g. Select Chart human action or double-click a particular object. ? Chart Toolbar Icons Chart Object Indicates the name of the selected object Format The properties of the object Legend To turn ON/OFF the legend Data Table To turn ON/ glum the display of the data By row Selects data series in a row By Column Selects data series in a column tip Text Text co-occurrence . Adding a Title ? Choose a chart to which you want to add a title to. ? perforate the Chart menu, and then click Chart options. ? Choose Titles. ? Type the text you want for the title of chart. ? To add a title to the x-axis of rotation press Tab and Text. ? If you want a second line for the x or y-axis, press Tab to move to the second category or Value box, and then type the title text. ? Preview the Title(s) you add. 5. Adding or Deleting a Legend ? Choose the chart you want to add or score out a legend. ? cut across the Legend from the Chart toolbar, and suck up the legend to move it to its new location. . Adding a Text Box ? Click the Arrow icon. ? Move the mouse to the location where you want the pointer to be placed. ? Click and drag to the new position, then release the mouse. 7. Adding a Pattern and Border to the Text ? Double-click the text you want to format, or select the text, then choose the Format menu, and select the Patterns. ? Choose the Border style you want from the options on the left side of the dialog box. ? Press Enter. 8. Select a Different Chart Type ? For most 2-D charts, you can change the chart type of either a data series or replete(p) charts. For the bubble charts, you can only change the type of the entire chart. ? For 3-D charts, changing the chart type affects the entire chart. ? For 3-D bar and column charts, you can change a data series to the cone, cylinder, or gain type. 9. changing the Chart Type ? To change the chart type, perform any of the following For the entire chart, click Chart. For the data series, click the Data Series. ? On the Chart menu, click Chart Type. ? On the Standard Types tab, click the Chart type you want. If you are hanging the chart type for one-data series and not the entire chart, be sure the Apply to Selection check box is sel ected. To apply the cone, cylinder, or pyramid chart type to a 3-D bar or column data series, click Cylinder, retinal cone or Pyramid in the Chart Type box on the Standard types tab, and then select the Apply to Selection check box. 10. Rotate Chart Title Text or Axis Text ? Click the title or the axis you want to format. ? If you clicked a chart title, click Selected Chart Title on the Format menu. If you clicked an axis title, click Selected Axis or Selected Axis Title ion the Format menu. mark off the Alignment tab. If you dont see the Alignment tab, click Cancel, click Outside of the text you want to format and then repeat the procedure. ? To rotate text, under Orientation, click a degree point, or drag the indication to the position you want. ? Note When you have more than on level or category axis labels, only the first level can be rotated. 11. Select Chart Items ? Click the Chart item you want. The data series, data labels, and the legend have individual elements that can be selected after you select the group. 12. Changing the vision of a 3-D Chart ? Click the 3-D chart you want to change. Select the options you want. When the objurgate Angle Axis check box is cleared, you can set the Perspective and Height options. When the Right Angle Axis check box is selected, you can either set the Height option or turn the Auto Scaling option on. 13. Changing the Rotation and Elevation in a 3-D Chart ? Using the menus Click the 3- Chart you want to change. On the Chart menu, click 3-D gain. Select the options you want. ? Using the mouse Click the intersection of any two axes to select the corners of the chart. Drag a corner to adjust the elevation and rotation in the chart. 14.Changing Number Formats in Charts ? If you change the number formatting in a chart, the number formatting is no longer linked to the worksheet cells. To format labels along an axis, double-click the appropriate axis. To format the data labels or a trend line label, double-c lick the item. On the number tab, select the options you want. 15. bell ringering a Chart ? Select the File menu, and choose the Page apparatus command. ? Click the Page frame-up button if you made some changes in the settings. ? Click the File menu, and choose the Page Setup command. ? Select the chart sizing button for the option you want. Press Enter. ? Choose the File bell ringer Preview command if you want to view the chart in the Preview mode to begin with it is printed. ? Click the File menu, and click the Print command. The Print Dialog Box appears on the screen. ? Click Enter. 16. Printing an Embedded Chart Embedded Chart ? chart that is placed on a worksheet rather than on a separate chart sheet useful when you want to view or print a chart on a PivotChart Report with its source data or information in a worksheet you can adjust where the chart will print on the pageboy by sizing and moving the chart with the mouse in page intermission View ?Click the worksheet outsi de the Chart area. ? Click Page Break Preview in the View menu. 17. Printing a Chart Sheet ? Click the tab from the Chart Sheet. ? Click Page Setup on the File menu. ? Select the options you want on the Chart tab. J. SAVING AN EXCEL 1. From the menu, click File Save As. The Save As dialog box appears. pic 2. In the File name box, type Excel Training. Excel has already entered a placeholder name in the File name box before you type your own file name. Since the name is highlighted. You just need to type in the new file name to overwrite it without having to click in the box. pic 3. Click the Save button. The file is saved in the indifference folder My Documents folder. K. Formatting Cell Using Menu Options You can format the cell using Format Cells dialog box from the menu. From the menu, click Format Cells, the Format Cells dialog box appears as shown below. pic Tab Description Number Specify the format style of the context in a cell. Alignment Specify text alignment, text contro l and text orientation. Font Specify grammatical case, font style, font size, font excuse, font effect and underline. Border Specify border color and line style.Patterns Specify the cell pattern and color. valueion Protect the cell to be locked to avoid changes and formula to be hidden from viewer. L. TOOLBARS 1. The Standard toolbar pic This entire toolbar could become a floating window by double-clicking on the control bar at the far-off left end of this toolbar. That gives the following window, which can be placed anywhere on the screen pic This toolbar can be restored to its schoolmaster position by clicking in the gray bar at the aggrandisement and force it back to the top of the screen. Push the top of the window up to the bottom of the menu bar. Function of commonly used buttons pic Creates a new blank archive based on the default template pic Opens or finds a file pic Saves the active file with its current file name, location and file format pic Prints the active file for more print options go to the File menu and select Print pic Print preview Shows how the instrument will look when you print it. pic spell out, grammar and writing style checker pic Cut Removes the selection from the written document and places it on the clipboard pic written matter Copies the selected item(s) to the clipboard pic Paste Places the content of the clipboard at the get intoion point pic Format painter Copies the format from a selected object or text and applies to other objects or text pic Undo Reverses the last command, use pull-down menu to unmake several steps pic Redo Reverses the action of the Undo button, use the pull-down menu to redo several steps pic Auto Sum Adds numbers automatically, and suggests the range of numbers to be addedpic Sort Ascending Sorts selected items from the beginning of the alphabet, the utmost number or the earliest date pic Sort Descending Sorts selected items from the end of the alphabet, the highest pic Chart Wizard Guides you through the steps for creating an embedded chart (graph) number or the latest date pic Displays or hides the Drawing toolbar pic soar up Enlarge or reduce the display of the active document 2. The Formatting toolbar pic This entire toolbar could become a floating window by double-clicking on the control bar at the far left end of this toolbar. That gives the following window, which can be placed anywhere on the screen pic This toolbar can be restored to its schoolmaster position by clicking in the gray bar at the top and dragging it back to the top of the screen. Push the top of the window up to the bottom of the menu bar. Function of commonly used buttons pic Changes the font of the selected text pic Changes the size of selected text and numbers pic Makes selected text and numbers bold pic Makes selected text and numbers italic pic underlines selected text and numbers pic Aligns to the left with a ragged right border pic Centers the selected text pic Aligns to the right with a ragged left margin pic Merge and Center Merges two or more selected cells and centers the entry pic up-to-dateness Style Formats selected text to display currency style pic Percent Style Formats selected cells to display percent pic comma Style Formats selected cells to display commas in large numbers pic Increase Decimal Increases the number of ten-folds displayed after the decimal pointpic Decrease Decimal Decreases the number of decimals displayed after the decimal point pic Decreases the indent to the previous tab stop pic Indents the selected paragraph to the next tab stop pic Adds or deals a border around selected text or objects pic Marks text so that it is highlighted and stands out pic Formats the selected text with the color you click 3. The Drawing toolbar pic This entire toolbar could become a floating window by double-clicking on the control bar at the far left end of this toolbar. That gives the following window, which can be placed anywhere on the screen pic This toolbar can be restored to its original position by clicking in the gray bar at the top and dragging it back to the top of the screen. Push the top of the window up to the bottom of the menu bar. Function of commonly used buttons pic A pull own menu with several pic Changes the pointer to a selection arrow drawing options pic Rotates the selected object to any degree pic A pull down menu with several libraries of springs pic Draws a line where you click and drag. Hold the Shift key down to make thepic Inserts a line with an arrowhead where you click and drag line straight pic Draws a rectangle where you click and drag. Hold down Shift to draw a pic Draws an oval where you click and drag.Hold down Shift to draw a circle square pic Draws a text box where you click and drag pic Create text effects with Word Art pic Add, modify, or remove fill color from a selected object pic Add, modify, or r emove line color pic Formats the selected text with the color you click pic Changes the thickness of lines pic Selects dash style for dashed lines pic Select arrow style placement and shape of arrowhead pic A pull down menu offers shadow choices pic Add 3-d effects to rectangles or ovals M. circuit card 1. File menu pic New Opens a new document. If you use the keyboard combination indicated on the right a blank document opens immediately. Selecting the New menu item with your cursor gives the opportunity to open a large number of types of documents. Open Opens a previously saved document. Close Closes the active document but does not quit the application. Save Saves the active document with its current file name, location and format. Save As Saves by opening a window which gives the opportunity to change the file name, location or format. Page Setup Sets margins, paper size, orientation and other layout options. Grid lines dont show up when you print?Go to the sheet tab in this window Print Preview Shows how the file will look when you print it. Print Prints the active file, also gives the opportunity to change print options Exit Closes Microsoft Excel 2. Edit menu Undo The actual entry of this item will depend on what you did last. In my subject I had typed, so that was displayed.This selection can be pic repeated several times. Redo After an action has been undone, it can be reinstated in the document. Cut Removes the selection from the active document and places it on the clipboard. Copy Copies the selection to the clipboard, the cell from which information is copied the Great Compromiser highlighted Paste Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point (cursor) or whatever is selected. Paste Special cardinal choices are available when making this selection examples include pasting formulas, values, and comments. Fill Fill contents of a selected cell Up, Down, Left or Right Clear De letes the selected object or text, but does not place it on the clipboard. Four choices are available All, Format, Contents or Comments Delete This menu entry can be used to delete entire rows or columns. Find Searches for specified text in the active document Replace Searches for and replaces specified text and formatting. 3. View menu pic Normal The default document view for most word processing tasks. Page Break Preview Before printing, make sure the page breaks appear where you want them Toolbars Displays or hides toolbars. The right pointing arrow indicates a list of toolbars. To add one slide down to the name of the toolbar and click to select. Formula Bar Remove or display the bar which displays cell address and data entered into the active cell Header and Footer Adds or changes the text that is displayed at the top or bottom of every page of the document Comments Hidden comment give further information about cell contents. Comments are displayed w hen you move the cursor into the cell, however this command causes all comments on a page to be displayed. Full Screen Hides most screen elements so you can see more of your document Zoom Controls how large, or small, the current document appears on the screen. 4. Insert menu pic Cells Use this command to insert a cell. A pop-up window allows you to move existing data down or to the right. You can also insert rows or columns with this window. Rows Inserts a new row in the spreadsheet, above the row that contains the active cell. Columns Inserts a new column in the spreadsheet, to the left of the column that contains the active cell. Worksheet By default, an Excel workbook is made up of three worksheets. You may insert as many additional sheets as you require.Sheets are inserted in appear of the current worksheet. Chart This adds a chart of the selected data, or of the entire worksheet if you have no data selected. Page Break Inserts page breaks above an d to the left of the active cell. To avoid adding a page break to the left, make sure a cell in Column A is selected before inserting the break. Function Opens the Paste Function window allowing the selection of a specific equation to go in the active cell. Comment- Have something to say about the contents of a cell? Add a small note with the appearance of a Post-It note. Picture Insert pictures from clip art or a file. You can also insert auto shapes, word art, or a chart. Object Insert an object such as clip art, word art, an equation or much more. Hyperlink An interesting use of hyperlinks is to place a link to any document stored on your computer. You can later open that document by clicking on the link.If you want to see an example of an Excel worksheet using hyperlinks to Internet sites, download a copy and open it with Excel. 1. Format menu 2. Cells Format the way a number is displayed, alignment of data in the cell(s), font (size, color, style, etc. ), bor ders and colors for the pic selected cells, and you may also lock the contents of a cell here. Row Specify a row height, choose auto-fit, and hide or un-hide the selected row. Column Specify a column width, choose auto-fit, hide or un-hide the selected column, or choose the standard width for a column. Sheet Here you can rename the sheet if sheet 1 is not descriptive enough (and its not), you can hide or un-hide a sheet, or you can tile an image in the background of the entire sheet. Auto Format- There are sixteen pre-designed formats to change the look of your spreadsheet. You may apply the format to the entire sheet or only to selected cells. Style Opens a Style window which will lead to the Format Cells window if you wish to Modify the format. 6. Tools menu pic Spelling Check spelling in your document AutoCorrect Define, or turn off automatic corrections. If you tend to make a particular keystroke error often, and it is not in the dictionary, yo u can add it here. Share Workbook Choose this option if you want several users to work on the data in the same workbook simultaneously.Make it available on your network and anyone with access can make changes. Protection You can password protect a single sheet of a workbook, or the entire workbook. One obvious application would be to protect a worksheet which you are using as your grade book. Customize Select/Deselect toolbars to be displayed with your workbook, or add buttons to existing toolbars. Options If you do not like something Excel does automatically, or if you know it should be doing something automatically and it is not, this is where you turn those features on or off. One thing I use a lot here is removing gridlines from a worksheet so I can draw a graphic organizer. N. crossING 1. Select the range A2B6. You want to set this range as the print area. Whenever you print your worksheet, only the contents in the print area will be printed. pic 2. From the menu, click File Print Area Set Print Area.A dashed outline appears around the Print Area, as shown below. pic Click the print preview button to preview the printout. Only the cells in the print area would be printed. pic 3. From the menu, click File Print Area Clear Print Area. If you do not set a print area, the entire worksheet will be printed. O. PAGE SET-UP A. Orientation 1. From the menu, click File Page Setup. Click the Page tab. The Page Setup dialog box appears, as shown below. 2. Under Orientation, click the beautify option. The default orientation is portrait. pic 3. Click the OK button. The orientation of the page is set to landscape (horizontal).B. Scaling 1. From the menu, click File Page Setup. Click the Page tab. Page Setup dialog box appears, as shown below. 2. Under Scaling, in the Adjust to box, type 150. You can click the up arrow in the box to increase the number. pic 3. Click the OK button. The size of the printout on the worksheet increases. C. Paper S ize 1. From the menu, click File Page Setup. Click the Page tab. Page Setup dialog box appears, as shown below. 2. Click the Paper size drop-down arrow. Click the paper size you want from the list. The number of paper size appears in the list depends on the printer you are using. pic 3. Click the OK button.The paper size changes. D. Page Margin 1. From the menu, click File Page Setup. Click the Margins tab. Page Setup dialog box appears, as shown below. 2. In the Top, Left, Right and Bottom boxes, type the margin you want to change. The margin is in inch in this example. pic 3. Click the OK button. The margin is set. P. PRINT PREVIEW 1. From the menu, click File Print Preview. Print Preview window appears. Use the command buttons in the Print Preview window to carry out more actions. pic Use the command buttons in the Print Preview window to carry out more actions. Button Action Next Display the next page Previous Displays the previous pageZoom Enlarge / reduce the content in the preview screen Print Print the current selection with printing options Setup Setup the page Margins Display or hides margin handles Page Break PreviewDisplay page break preview for you to adjust the page break Normal View Display in normal view Close Close the print preview window 2. Click the Close button. The preview window closes and returns to the worksheet. picpic LECTURE NOTES COMP1/10 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE & CONCEPTS B. A. DE LARA, JR. CBE FACULTY NORTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE LAOAG CITY 2012 NORTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE The Institution for Better Life Laoag City pic